George and Lennie Comparison Essay Example for Free

George and Lennie Comparison EssayGeorge and Lennie, two extraordinary characters in Of Mice and Men, Similar yet very different. Both Lennie and George rely on their knowledge to survive. Lennie depends on his friendship with George to make the correct desisions. George relies on the friendship he has with Lennie in order to plan for the future. While Lennie depends on George, in some ways George depends on Lennie. For example, despite Georges impatience and annoyance with Lennie, and his remarks about how easy his life would be without him, George would lead a much harder life. George always explains to Lennie what is correct and incorrect and makes incontestable that Lennie behaves. Finally, in order for George to have a future in mind, George needs Lennie.George and Lenny two shared the same type of hard work, and both of them lacked friendship in their lives. Both George and Lenny want something more in life they are both dreamers. Their similarities lay below the surf ace where they appear different.George is a small, quick man with percipient features. A migrant ranch worker, George dreamt of one day saving enough money to buy his own place and be his own boss, living withdraw of the land. The hindrance to his objective is his mentally handicapped companion, Lennie, with whom he has traveled and worked since Lennies Aunt Clara, whom George knew, died. The majority of Georges energy is devoted to looking after Lennie, whose blunders prevent George from working toward his dream, or even living the life of a normal rancher. Thus, Georges conflict arises in Lennie, to whom he has the ties of long- time companionship that he so often yearns to break in order to live the life of which he dreams. This tension strains George into demonstrating various emotions, ranging from anger to patience to sadness to pride and to hope.Georges companion, the source of the novels conflict. Lennie, enormous, ungainly, and mentally slow, is Georges polar opposite bot h mentally and physically. Lennies ignorance and innocence and helplessness, his childish actions, such as his desire to pet soft things, contrast his physical bulk, making him likeable to readers. Although devoid of cruel intentions, Lennies senselessness and carelessness cause him to unwittingly harm animals and people, which creates trouble for both him and George.Lennie is tirelessly devoted to George and delights in hearing him tell of the dream of having a farm, but he does not desire the dream of the American worker in the same way that George does. His understanding of Georges dream is more childish and he grows excited at the possibility of tending the future rabbits, most likely because it will afford him a chance to pet their soft hides as much as he wishes. Nevertheless, a dream is a dream, different for everyone, and George and Lennie share the similar attribute of desiring what they havent got. Lennie, however, is helpless to attain his dream, and remains a static cha racter throughout, relying on George to elicit is hope and save him from trouble

In Tim OBrien Essay Example for Free

In Tim OBrien EssayIn Tim OBriens How to mark a True War Story, the author tries to humanize warf atomic number 18 by letting the reviewer know how absolutely difficult telling a war paper is. He does this by giving many unsolicited pieces of advice about how to tell a true war story, moreover many of them directly run afoul each other or do not make sense when comp ard side-by-side. In giving these pieces of advice, he is overly telling war stories that either do or do not fit his own criteria. And yet, he humanizes the people involved in fighting this war by giving the endorser these lessons. atomic number 53 great example of this is when he tells the story of Rat kiley and Lemmons. OBrien begins by telling the reader that a true war story is neer moral(OBrien). He continues with, If at the end of a war story you feel uplifted, then you have been made the victim of a very old and terrible lie (OBrien). Then he tells us first the story of Rat Kiley writing this letter t o the sister of his best friend who died. Kiley pours his heart out to this woman and she never writers back, and he has a derogatory comwork forcet about the sister.This certainly is not uplifting, but Rat Kiley has been humanized. The reader can somewhat imagine writing this letter and gains what it would take to write a letter like this, and then to have it unacknowledged. While OBrien tells us almost nothing directly of the character of Rat Kiley, the reader learns mounds of information about his character nonetheless. OBrien continues on to tell us about the finale of Lemmons, and then he explains that even his own telling of the story is subjective.What he thinks he saw versus what might have actu exclusivelyy happened are two varied things. We didnt know Lemmons, but again, we feel like we know something of his character from hearing this story. OBrien is able to provide such beautiful or not so beautiful characterizations of these custody without really telling the read er anything. except these men are humanized for us. They are not statistics in a war they are real men. Another lesson OBrien teaches is that In a true war story, if theres a moral at all, its like the sop up that makes the cloth.You cant tease it out. You cant extract the meaning without unraveling the deeper meaning. He tells us that true war stories do not generalize but they make us feel it in our stomachs. We cant generalize to something simple like War is hell. He then tells us another story of Rat Kiley when he slowly slaughters the water system buffalo. The reader is horrified, but also at some level understands why Rat Kiley did this. The water buffalo becomes a symbol of the breakdown during war itself. The incredible need for violence and retribution is strong.It is a horribly sad story of the slaughter of an animal. But based on what we already know about just what Rat Kiley has been through, we understand him on some gut level. War is hell, but it is also mystery an d beauty. Though its odd, youre never more alive than when youre almost dead. The reader can understand this and understand the characters better because of it. These men are not monsters they are just men.They are fighting a terrible war and are forced to do terrible things, but they are human. At the hour of dusk you sit at your foxhole and look out on a wide river turning pinkish red, and at the mountains beyond, and although in the morning you mustiness cross the river and go into the mountains and do terrible things and maybe, die, even so, you find yourself studying the fine colors on the river, you feel wonder and astonishment at the setting of the sun, and you are filled with a hard, aching love for how the world could be and always should be, but now is not (OBrien). This passage describes all men in war, and even though Rat Kiley has done terrible things, we understand a little bit about what he must be thinking.We understand how these men value their lives even more be cause of war. In OBriens unique way, these men are truly humanized. By providing the reader with various instructions throughout the story about what a true war story isnt and what a true war story is, these men are deeply humanized. The reader understands from Tim OBrien that war is never as simple as it seems, and neither are the men who fight the war. He tells us horrible stories about these men, and yet, these stories help us to understand the men better.With the commentary OBrien provides about how to write a true war story, the reader understands so many things. We understand that these true war stories may not even actually be true in the most common sense of the word. We understand that, no matter what, they are never simple. The lessons are never clear. They are not pretty, and if they are, they are not true. In other words, the characters of war are as complex as the reasons we fight wars. While it would be nice to have a tidy moral, there are none. At the bottom of it all are human lives. These men are not heroes and they are not monsters.

Alzheimers and the effects Essay Example for Free

Alzheimers and the effects EssayAlzheimers is a disease of the brain that causes a loss in memory. This results in dementia, loss of brain functions (thinking, remembering, and reasoning) severe enough to interfere with everyday life. When German physician, Alois Alzheimer, first described the disease in 1907, it was thought to be rargon. Today, Alzheimers disease is the most(prenominal) common cause of dementia, affecting 10% of people 65 years old, and nearly 50% of those age 85 or older. An estimated four million Americans watch Alzheimers. Alzheimers disease usually begins stepwise, causation a person to forget recent events and to have difficulty performing familiar tasks. How quickly the disease advances differs from person to person, causing confusion, personality and behavior changes, and impaired judgment. Communication becomes difficult for Alzheimers patients. They struggle to find words, finish thoughts, or follow directions. Eventually, people with Alzheimers be come unable to care for themselves.Scientists heretofore dont know what causes the disease. Age and family history are possible stake factors for the disease. Scientists are exploring the role of genetics in the development of Alzheimers, studying chromosome 19. Rarer forms of the disease, which happen to people in their 30s and 40s, called early-onset, often run within families and appear to be related to chromosome 1, chromosome 14, and chromosome 21. Many researchers and physicians are coming to believe that Alzheimers is a complex disease, probably caused by a variety of influences.Alzheimers affects both the mental health and Social health. It is mental in the way that Alzheimers victims can not think clearly, remember, and reason. Patience can not give out with stress. It is social health in the way that victims can not interact rise with people to build satisfying relationships. They can not communicate well with family members or friends. Victims may forget who people ar e.My grandfather Henry B. Harris was diagnosed with Alzheimers when he was about 76 he lived to be 82. During those six years he gradually forgot who members of the family were, even at times he did not remember his wife. About one year before he passed away he was in a nursing home. Knowing thatmy grandfather had the disease makes the likelihood that I will have it more probable. Cases where several members of a single family have had been diagnoses with Alzheimers disease are rare. Much more common is if a single family member is diagnosed as having probable Alzheimers (meaning that physicians are 80 to 90 percent certain that it is Alzheimers). A persons risk of developing the disease seems to be slightly higher if a first-degree relative (brother, sister, parent) has the disease. Perhaps family members were exposed to something in the environment that caused the disease.Everyone has forgotten where they parked the car or the name of an acquaintance at one time or another. And ma ny healthy individuals are less able to remember certain kinds of information as they get older. The symptoms of Alzheimers disease are much more severe than such simple memory lapses. Alzheimer symptoms affect communication, learning, thinking, reasoning, and can have an impact on a persons work and social life.

Information System In Allied Bank

Information System In assort bank confederate coin bound was the first bank to be established in Pakistan. It started away in Lahore by the name Australasia Bank before independence in 1942 was renamed allied Bank of Pakistan bound in 1974 and then Allied Bank exceptional in 2005.Allied Bank was the first Muslim bank to lay down been established in Pakistan.Established in December 1942 as the Australasia Bank in Lahore with a paid-up shargon capital of Rs. 0.12 million under the Chairmanship of Khawaja Bashir Bux, the Bank attracted deposits equivalent to Rs. 0.431 million in its first eighteen months of business.Today, with its existence of over 60 years, the Bank has built itself a foundation with a strong equity, assets and deposit base. At the time, the Banks total assets summationed to Rs. 0.572 million. Today, Allied Banks paid up Capital Reserves amount to Rs. 10.5 billion, deposits exceed Rs. 143 billion and total assets equal Rs. 170 billion. It offers universal b anking portions, while placing major(ip) emphasis on retail banking. The Bank also has the largest network of over 800 online branches in Pakistan and offers various technology-based professionalducts and services to its diverse clientele.VisionTo become a dynamic and economic bank providing integrated solutions and the first choice of bank for either customers.MissionTo provide high tech innovative solutions to meet customer requirementsTo create sustainable value through growth, force and diversity for every second holdersTo provide a challenging work environment, and reward dedicated team membersTo play a proactive role in contributing towards the society setIntegrityExcellence in serviceHigh performanceInnovation and growthAreas of BusinessAllied bank is operating in all major cities of Pakistan. It has a network of 700 branches.Information Systems at Allied Bank LimitedInformation remainss utilize at ABL differ from division to department and complete specifications of carcasss use of goods and servicesd in Customer Retail Banking Department will be mentioned in the later part of the report however, the IS used in Allied bank serves the commonalty purpose of quicker communication between all stake holders, updating of transactions process on daily basis, provision of better customer service, double-quick execution of entropy, easier assenting and communication to the rudimentary branch and other branches countrywide etc. However, Allied Bank used manual(a) systems before 2002. The reasons for making the pocket to change information systems be summarized belowThe necessity for converting from manual to automated systemsPersonnel at Allied Bank argon of the view that both manual and automated systems ar effective ways of message entry and transmission but manual info systems have certain cons as compared to their counterpart the automated selective information systems. Manual information systems are slow and tedious as compared to automated systems. Moreover, there are much chances of human error occurring in the impost of manual systems as compared to automated systems and this error removing is crucial to the efficient functioning of the Allied Bank. Moreover, manual data systems are less secure and tampering with data is possible via their use and to minimize that risk Allied bank coggleed to the use of automated Data systems in 2002. Moreover, Mr. Shahzad Shahid, Product Manager-Liabilities, was of the view that this change will resoluteness in cost reduction in the long run.Management Information System used at ABLThe MIS used at Allied bank Limited is prophet Database 10g. vaticinator Data base 10g has completely transformed the outlook and operations of ABL. It has transformed the structure such(prenominal) that now ABLs IS does not consist of fragmented machineries working idiosyncraticly to attain goals but they now function as a fused collection of servers, storage devices, and systems to me et the changing processing take of ABL. This resulted in dramatic cost reduction, overall efficiency and enhancement in the calibre of customer service. It has also reduced hardware costs by efficient networking and amalgamating of functions performed by various servers and systems. Cost reduction also took place because Oracle 10g eliminated the need for the purchases and upgrading of wariness softwares and beam of lights and third party interventions as it was a complete perplexity solution in itself.Oracle 10g also enabled Allied Bank Limited in efficient and wider data base storage, high and faster accessibility of data, faster performance, secure data transferring and cheaper application development. Salient features of Oracle 10g from which ABL is benefiting from are described below in great detail1Oracle 10g served as a real attractive investment for Allied Bank Limited as it cut down significant costs of Allied Bank on hardware because Oracle 10g provide the technology of Oracle Real Application Clusters which enabled the creation of communication clusters via use of just 3-4 PCs which become to a greater extent easier to administer and run and are more efficient as compared to functioning of sole systems.Oracle 10g also enabled Allied Bank to cut down its costs on storage devices which prove to be a big cost for banks to store humongous amounts of daily transactions and data. However, this problem was solved by the use of Oracles automatic storage management which not barely enabled the pooling of PCs but also enabled pooling of storage devices to the communication cluster as per required. This choice of addition of storage devices to clusters made the data transformation, collection and storage cheaper, easier and efficient.Oracle 10g has enabled Allied bank to save on its database management costs as its database administration is either completely automatic or much uncomplicated. This has enabled Allied bank to save its costs on the training of innovative database managers.Oracle 10g has its own cluster administration softwares which monitor, manage the performance of clusters and thus eliminates the needs for extra public utility company and program softwares. Oracle uses Oracle Enterprise Manager Grid Control and Management Packs to monitor clusters performance efficiently.Oracle 10g uses GUI tools and utilities for increasing the power and efficiency of the clusters.Oracle 10g also introduces self-administration in the databases through use of programs such as mechanical Storage Management, Automatic Memory Management, Automatic Optimizer Statistics Collection, Automatic Workload Repository, Automatic Database Diagnostics Monitor, Automatic SQL Tuning, Segment Advisor, Automatic Workload Management, Automatic Disk-Based supporting and Recovery to meet the changing processing, data transforming and storing demands.Thus, Allied Bank has benefited greatly from its qualify from Manual systems to the automated Oracle 10g system. The benefits reaped are unparalleled in terms of cost reduction, efficiency, data disseminating and decision making. Allied Bank in addition to the use of Oracle 10g uses softwares such as Unibank, however it is planning to change its banking software from Unibank to Temenos t-24 in the mid of 2010.Shift from Unibank to Temenos T-24When Allied bank shifted to automated Information Systems in 2002, it started use softwares such as UNIBANK .This software held answers to the management of all the chaos created by the use of manual systems.2Unibank was a branch centric cash management software which held answers to the banking problems of the time thus it was called the core banking solution. Unibank gave faster and safe electronic access to banking transactions and functions. Unibank enabled Allied Bank toEvaluate the latest record of all account transactions taking place in the branchExchange information with other departments of the branch such as finance and accounting observe and management of deposits and withdrawals simultaneouslyElectronic transfer of data from one branch to anotherProvision of e-statements for the employees making their jobs easier.Secure data control and transfer.Electronic supervise and management of employee payrollsNeed for Temenos T-24Although Unibank seemed to be the answer to all the banking problems at that time however receivable to changing technological trends, higher uncertainty in the environment, shift towards centralized functioning and policies, Allied Bank has decided to shift from Unibank to Temenos T-24. The reason being that, Unibank was branch centric software and due to this reason data could be lost or misplaced if server crashed at any particular branch. Moreover, considering the uncertain political situation in Pakistan, there was high possibility of raids and fires and due to this the threat of data loss was eminent thus a shift is being planned and utilise from Unibank to Temenos T-24 as we speak . This shift will be implemented in all the branches countrywide within a period of 6 months.The reason for shifting to Temenos T-24 is that it is centralized software with the central server in Kashmir track Branch in Lahore. This central server acts as a hub and daily transmissions are not only recorded in branches but in the central hub too, thus making the information more secure. Moreover, designated user ids/passwords, bio-metric systems add to the gage of information. All the transactions and operation take place in real time. Policies are designed at the central server in Lahore and are applicable to all the branches country wide thus making the operations uniform and legitimate in all the branches.3Temenos T-24 in addition to providing all the functions that Unibank provided, offers a more secure plan and new and efficient data bases. Moreover, Temenos T-24 is partners with Microsoft and has adopted MS platform to make the functioning of the software more user-friendly and easy. Moreover, one of the reasons for adopting Temenos T24 by ABL is that its cost of owner ship is very cheap as compared to the benefits it provides. Moreover, it uses established programs such as HTTP, XML so that functioning it not an entirely new experience but adds on to the previous knowledge of the employees.Moreover, it has an edge over Unibank as it eliminates the need for end-of-day banking and is a true 24/7 banking system, which heaves away burden from the employees and enables employees and customers to access updated information at all times.Department moneymaking(prenominal) and Retail BankingOverviewThe Commercial Retail Banking Group (CRBG) offers a variety of asset and liability-based retail products to its customers. The Groups main focus has been on introducing various financing and investment products for its valuable clients, and contributing to the sweetie growth of the financial industry.CRBG consists of 4 geographic groups and is get on divided acr oss 27 regions in Pakistan. Each region is responsible for providing a quality service to its own customer-base.In recent years, the Group has been working to find alternate ways to bank for customers, and has installed more ATMs to its already strong and largest ATM network.The department offers the adjacent product and services to its customersInternet BankingOnline BankingProfit RatesATM NetworkUnclaimed DepositsDeposit AccountSMEAgricultureOther ServicesCorporate LeasingThe department has a total of 6000 employees all over Pakistan, the information strike and the data transfer rate thus is very high and poses a great repugn for the Information System of the department to maintain and keep it secure.Functional Hierarchy of the DepartmentTechnical specificationsAllied Bank after its privatization has been following a pro I.T policy. The switch from the manual system to a more automated Information System requires certain infrastructure (PCs, Softwares etc) and ABL in this regar d didnt compromise on quality they have a contract with Digital World Pakistan Pvt. Ltd. (DWP) to provide state of the art com entrapers with the best softwares to run the M.I.S system.The CRBG dept of ABL has the following I.T infrastructureHardware SpecificationsPersonal computers-14 in total Consisting of 9 desktop PCs and 5 laptopsDesktop PCs Specs Intel Pentium 4 2.5ghz, 512MB RAM, 80 GB hard-diskLaptop PCs Specifications Intel Dual Core2 2Ghz, 2gb RAM, 160GB Hard-diskHP Printers3 in total 2 HP LaserJet 1010 Colored Printers,1 HP Desk-jet Black and white printerHP Digital ScannerIBM P5 Mainframe ServerSpecifications quaternion 1.65GHz 64-bit POWER5 processorsL2 cache 1.9MB (2-way) 3.8MB (4-way)L3 cache 36MB (2-way) 72MB (4-way)32GB of 266MHz DDR1 memoryTwo 10/100/1000 Ethernet portsOptional 2 Gigabit Fibre Channel, 10 Gigabit Ethernet and 4x InfiniBand adaptersTwo USB, two HMC and two system portsSoftware SpecificationsApplication SoftwareCRBG department Employees uses the fo llowing application softwaresMicrosoft Office 2007 2010McAfee Anti-Virus 2010Adobe Reader 8System SoftwareThe departments computers were found to be using the following system softwaresOperating System Windows XP for Desk-top PCs and Windows Vista for the Laptops.Windows NT server for mainframe server.Core Banking SolutionThe software shortly in use is UNIBANK, however T24 has been introduced in one branch in LAHORE. research SoftwareABL employees generate queries through these softwares, for example if I want to view a customers demographics I will put in a query in the Discoverer Viewer which will then seek the data from the Central DatabaseDiscoverer Viewer It is just for exhibit of data,Discoverer PLUS The queries here can withal be edited and employees have limited access to this softwareNetwork TypeAllied bank is using the client/server network because the employees easily share the data and its cheaper than others and maintainable. All the data is saved in Central Databas e (CBS) and employees can easily access it. This type of computing system provides an easy access and efficient rate of flow of data, which increase the functionality of organization. peculiarity-User and trainingIn this era of cut-throat competition and diminishing profit margins Banks are becoming more lean, service oriented and efficient. As mentioned before Banks in order to keep this trend of efficiency going upward are adopting new information systems and updating the existing ones however one barrier to this are the employees, there is already a shortage of computer literate heap in Pakistan and for this reason when new softwares or In our case a new CORE BANKNG SOLUTION is introduced it requires rigorous training posing to train the employees so that they are able to use the software.The effectiveness of core banking systems is directly related to the skills and knowledge of those operating them therefore training is an essential investment and not an expense. The trainin g session have been divided into three stagesWhen we talk of the end user its the employees themselves here, they use the information available and make different queries accordingly as mentioned before currently the Core Banking Solution (CBS) namely Unibank is being change to Temenos and this requires that the support and operations staff be trained to use this CBS. For this reason different training sessions have been organized by the Bank and the Temenos technical team itself.Apart from this Temenos, to support the contracted BANKS, also provides the following courses to their employeesOpen Training CoursesBespoke Training coursesEnd User Training (EUT)Training consultancy for design and development of EUT courseseLearning and Computer Based Training (CBT)The Train the Trainer approachThe benefits of attending these training programs include dedicated premises and training equipment, and the added advantage of minimizing interruptions for the duration of training course.Informat ion Intakes and FlowCRBG has information flow daily from all over Pakistan, the department has the responsibility to effectively manage the liabilities of the Bank.The information accessible by this department through the Information system includesDaily Monitoring of DepositsThe deposits intakes and off takes during the dayMaintaining a minimum ratio of fundsATM monitoringMonitoring the downtime of to each one ATMMonitoring which area has a consistent network/server issuesCustomer DemographicsABLs information system is data linked to NADRAs system for verification of Customers IDsCRBG has access to all the information of its customers and employees as it is responsible for managing the liabilities sectionAccount Opening guide on RateThe accounts opened each day along with their balancesEmployee Check in Check out timeThrough monitoring of this data employee efficiency can also be measured.Query Regarding an EmployeeEmployee RecordInformation FlowWe observe TRANSACTION PROCESS ING SYSTEM functional in this department apart from the Office Automation Systems, all the activities and transactions done throughout the chain of command in this department is recorded first at the Branch level then after EODs (End of Day) are Run all the data of that days transactions are transferred to the ORACLE CENTRAL DATABASE located in ABL HEAD-QUARTERS LAHORE.Real-time Monitoring is being done of this information flow by the department, once the days information is saved in the ORACLE CENTRAL DATABASE in their respected fields and tables, it can be accessed through the picket VIEWER/PLUS Software the next day by creating a query for it.Issues with the Information SystemTo function effectively as an interacting, interrelated, and interdependent feeDatabase Administratorck tool for management and staff, MIS must be useable. The five elements of a useable MIS system are timeliness, accuracy, consistency, completeness, and relevance. The usefulness of MIS is hindered whenever one or more of these elements are compromised.The IS at Allied Bank, although effective to a great extent, has certain weaknesses as we found outFrom a branch centered approach, the bank has moved to a centralized system. transactions at the branches, previously used to be stored and processed at the branches only. It was only at the day end, that all data and information was relayed to the head office. Now, however, this practice has changed. Branches only facilitate interactions with customers, whereas the information is directly send to the head office and is processed there in real time. The problem with this is the time lag that results subsequently. Data flow from the point of transaction to the head office, back to the point of transaction is a longer and hence a slower process.Also the security procedures inbuilt in the new software, Temenos, make processing slower. In the new IS, cash transactions taking place go from a Temenos account head to a yellowish brown account a nd then to the customers account. Previously, the cash transactions were directly debited/ credited to the customer account. Buffer accounts created, although increase the overall security make the processing of data slower. alike much reliance on information systems also means that in the scenario when server crashes down, or gets hanged, banking transactions will be completely disrupted.Security Measures and BackupOne of the major concerns of organizations using information technology to carry out their business processes is how to secure the data against internal and external threats. With modern advancements, mitigating information security threats has become an ongoing battle. Viruses, worms, hacker attacks, spam, phishing, and instant messaging attacks are just some of the problems. Data bank faces risk of security breaches not only at the hands of customers and outsiders, but also from the employees working within the organization. Therefore it is highly crucial to build secu rity parameters to detect whatsoever threats there might be and also to ensure data safety.At Allied Bank, data security is the thing that cannot be compromised at all. For this reason, the MIS department has taken stringent measures to ensure data security. The Corporate and Retail Department which deals primarily in confidential data of bank customers has taken numerous steps to avert security threats.Employees have individual Ids and passwords that they use to log-in to the system database. But this does not mean that all the employees have same access to the data and information. There are proper hierarchy levels which implies that there are gatekeepers at each level, supervising who access what data Password protection is there to prevent just everybody from viewing confidential data.Moreover, Allied Bank uses SSL certified encryption to secure its data channels. SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is the standard security technology for establishing an encrypted link between a web ser ver and a browser. This link ensures that all data passed between the web server and browsers remain private and integral. SSL is an industry standard and is used in the protection of online transactions with customers.Encryption of data exchanged by customers and the bank ensures that data security, even if breached on its way, will make decrypting and understanding the data difficult.Anti-virus and anti-spam packages like McAfee Anti-Virus are also installed to secure data against viruses, spam, etc.There is also a Disaster Recovery System in place, in case of fire, raids, and other unforeseen and unexpected events. The backups are stored at both hot and refrigerated sites. The head office in Lahore is the hot site. It is the central database of Allied Bank where all the transactions taking place in the eight hundred or so branches are recorded and updated on a real time basis.The cold sites are at the twenty sevensome regional offices all over Pakistan. These cold sites are upd ated at appropriate intervals, on a weekly basis sometimes. In accordance with the State Bank of Pakistan regulation, data and information of three years is stored and maintained at these cold sites.Also, USBs are widely used as potable storage devices.Future PlansAllied bank is planning to replace the current Core Business Solution Uni Bank with Temenos.This transformation is in its phase I. The software is being tested in one branch near the Head Office in Lahore. This testing phase will end on June 30th.Training of employees is being conducted and further more sessions are in the pipelineAllied bank plans to introduce Temenos in 107 branches out of the whole network of 800 braches within six months.Implementation in further branches is still unplanned.Allied Bank has opened its branch in Kashmir and plans to extend its network and reach in the remote areas of the country.RecommendationsThe disaster recovery system at Allied Bank is inappropriate to bear the load of 800 branches. There is one common hot site of all the branches at the Head Office and cold sites at the regional offices, 27 in number. But we feel that these backups are too less, keeping the current security scenario in view where banks have even been raided and burned by mobs. Therefore the backups should be set up at places other than the bank branches.The training period for a batch of 50 people is three weeks on average. We feel that this is insufficient as the new banking system Temenos has far complex procedures as the user interface is not friendly.Proper temperature controls are needed for the server to operate efficiently. We feel that the current infrastructure is insufficient to support the system.Referenceshttp//searchsecurity.techtarget.com/topics/0,295493,sid14_tax299811,00.htmlhttp//tldp.org/HOWTO/SSL-Certificates-HOWTO/x64.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_recoveryhttp//info.ssl.com/article.aspx?id=10241http//www.occ.treas.gov/handbook/mis.pdfhttp//www.temenos.comhttp//ww w.abl.com.pkhttp//www.oracle.com

What Do You Mean By Hash Information Technology Essay

What Do You Mean By Hash Information Technology EssayA chop upeesh in any case called a digest, and informally a checksum is a kind of signature for a stream of data that represents the contents.The closest real-life analog we female genitals think is a tamper-evident seal on a softw be package if you open the box (change the file), its detected.A cryptological hash functionis adeterministic procedurethat takes an ar functionrary block ofdataand returns a fixed-sizebit string, the (cryptographic)hash value, such that an accidental or intentional change to the data will change the hash value. The data to be encoded is oft called the heart, and the hash values are sometimes called the capacity digestor simply digest. The ideal cryptographic hash function has four main or signifi merchantmant propertiesIt is easy to compute the hash value for any given message,It isinfeasibleto find a message that has a given hash,It is infeasible to convert a message without changing its hash ,It is infeasible to find deuce different messages with the same hash.Cryptographic hash functions have manyinformation pledgeapplications, notably indigital signatures,message documentation codes(MACs), and separate forms of enfranchisement. They lowlife also be employ as ordinaryhash functions, to index data inhash tables, forfingerprinting, to detect duplicate data or uniquely identify files, and aschecksumsto detect accidental data corruption. Indeed, in information security contexts, cryptographic hash values are sometimes called (digital) fingerprints,checksums, or justhash values, even though all these terms stand for functions with rather different properties and purposes.Q2. What are the principal elements of a public-key cryptosystem?Ans2. Public-Key Cryptosystems Secrecy and Authentication, illustrates the essential elements of a public-key encryption scheme.Public key cryptography is an asymmetric scheme that uses apairof keys for encryption apublic key,which encryp ts data, and a corresponding cloistered,orsecret keyfor decryption. You publish your public key to the world while keeping your confidential key secret. Anyone with a copy of your public key can then encrypt information that only you can read. Even people you have never met.Plaintext This is the original message or data fed into the algorithm as stimulation.Encryption Algorithm It performs dissimilar substitutions and transformation on plaintext.Secret Key It is used for encryption.Ciphertext This is the scrambled message produced as output.Decryption Algorithm This is the encryption algorithm run in reverse.Q3. What types of information might be derived from a traffic analysis attack?Ans3. In a connection-oriented application, the frequency and duration could be determined. In either a connection-oriented or connectionless environment, the number and length of messages between parties could be determined. Traffic analysis attacks amaze to derive critical information by analyzing traffic over a network. The two classes of traffic analysis attacks link-load analysis attacks and flow-connectivity analysis attacks. Countermeasures for such attacks are commonly realized by properly padding the payload traffic so that the statistics of the overall traffic become significantly different from that of the payload traffic. Two prefatorial countermeasure strategies are (a) to pad the traffic with constant inter-arrival times of packets (CIT) or (b) to pad the traffic with variable inter-arrival times (VIT).Q4. What are three broad categories of applications of public-key cryptosystems? What requirements must a public key cryptosystems fulfill to be a firm algorithm?Ans4. Public-key systems are characterized by the use of a cryptographic type of algorithm with two keys. Depending on the application, the get awayer uses either the senders clubby key or the receivers public key, or both, to perform some type of cryptographic function. In broad terms, we can classif y the use of public-key cryptosystems into the three categories Encryption/decryption The sender encrypts a message with the recipients public key. Digital signature The sender signs a message with its private key, either to the whole message or to a small block of data that is a function of the message. Key mass meeting Two sides cooperate to exchange a session key. Several different approaches are possible, involving the private key(s) of one or both parties.Some algorithms are suitable for all three applications, whereas others can be used only for one or two of these applications.Public key schemes are no more or less secure than private key schemes in both cases the size of the key determines the security. But with public key schemes at least there is usually a firmer theoretical primer coat for determining the security since its based on well-known and well studied number theory problems.In order to solve the key management problem, the plan of public-key cryptography was introduced. Public-key cryptosystems have two primary uses, encryption and digital signatures. In their system, each person gets a pair of keys, one called the public key and the other called the private key. The public key is published, while the private key is kept secret.The need for the sender and receiver to share secret information is eliminated all communication theory involve only public keys, and no private key is ever familial or shared. In this system, it is no longer necessary to trust the security of some means of communications. The only requirement is that public keys be associated with their users in a trusted (authenticated) manner (for instance, in a trusted directory).Anyone can send a confidential message by just utilize public information, but the message can only be decrypted with a private key, which is in the sole possession of the intended recipient. Furthermore, public-key cryptography can be used not only for privacy (encryption), but also for authentica tion (digital signatures) and other various techniques.Q5. What is digital signature standard?Ans5.This Standard specifies a suite of algorithms that can be used to generate a digital signature. Digital signatures are used to detect unauthorized modifications to data and to authenticate the identity of the signatory.In addition, the recipient of signed data can use a digital signature as evidence in demonstrating to a third party that the signature was, in fact, generated by the claimed signatory.This is known as non-repudiation, since the signatory cannot easily repudiate the signature at a later time. This Standard specifies algorithms for applications requiring a digital signature, rather than a written signature. A digital signature is represented in a ready reckoner as a string of bits.A digital signature is computed using a set of rules and a set of parameters that allow the identity of the signatory and the wholeness of the data to be verified. Digital signatures may be gen erated on both stored and transmitted data.Signature generation uses a private key to generate a digital signature signature verification uses a public key that corresponds to, but is not the same as, the private key. Each signatory possesses a private and public key pair. Public keys may be known by the public private keys are kept secret. Anyone can verify the signature by employing the signatorys public key. Only the user that possesses the private key can perform signature generation.A hash function is used in the signature generation summons to obtain a condensed version of the data to be signed the condensed version of the data is often called a message digest. The message digest is input to the digital signature algorithm to generate the digital signature.The digital signature is provided to the intended verifier along with the signed data. The verifying entity verifies the signature by using the claimed signatorys public key and the same hash function that was used to gener ate the signature. Similar procedures may be used to generate and verify signatures for both stored and transmitted data.Q6. Explain authentication function message encryption, message authentication code and hash function.Ans6.Message encryption Message encryption is a process that encodes the data of a message so that unauthorized people cannot access it. The process of message encryption converts a message from readable text to scrambled or enciphered text, thus keeping the message content private. Only people who use a private key can read such a message.In fact, message encryption not only safeguards the message but also any attachments included with it. Therefore, message encryption is basically information scrambling, and the technology this process involves is very important for internal security in information technology-driven environments. When message encryption is properly used in such an environment, it helps establish a secure communication channel even in cases where the fundamental system and network infrastructure is not very secure. It is obvious that message encryption is of great consequence when a message needs to be transferred through shared systems or network segments in which a number of people may otherwise be able to view it. Message encryption is an invaluable tool in situations where sensitive information needs to be safeguarded so that it cannot be seen or change by other parties.Message authentication code One of the reasons that encryption mechanism does not provide a good solution for message authentication is that it is difficult for the receiver to identify the legitimate plaintext.To address this problem, we can apply an error detection code to the message so that only legitimate plaintext can pass the error detection. Such error detection codes are used in the network communication to provide data integrity verification against bit errors introduced by communication channel noise. But it can not provide data integrity p rotection against malicious attackers.In light of error detection code, we can design a code that uses a secret key. Without the key, modifying the message in a way that it matches the code is impossible. This idea leads to the design of message authentication code (MAC).A MACalgorithm, sometimes called akeyed(cryptographic)hash function, accepts as input asecret keyand an arbitrary-length message to be authenticated, and outputs a MAC (sometimes known as atag). The MAC value protects both a messagesdata integrityas well as itsauthenticity, by allowing verifiers (who also possess the secret key) to detect any changes to the message content.Hash Functions A hash function H is a transformation that takes a variable-size input m and returns a fixed-size string, which is called the hash value h (that is, h = H(m)). Hash functions with just this property have a variety of general computational uses, but when occupied in cryptography the hash functions are usually chosen to have some add itional properties.The basic requirements for a cryptographic hash function arethe input can be of any length,the output has a fixed length,H(x) is relatively easy to compute for any given x ,H(x) is one-way,H(x) is collision-free.Ahash functionis anywell-defined procedureormathematical functionthat converts a large, possibly variable-sized amount of data into a small datum, usually a singleintegerthat may serve as anindexto anarray. The values returned by a hash function are calledhash values, hash codes,hash sums, or simplyhashes.

Overview of Ethernet Technology

Overview of Ethernet TechnologyEthernetNetwork2 Research AssignmentReem AlajmiIntroductionEthernet technology has spudd to undertake new bandwidth and market requirements. In addition to computers, Ethernet is now used to interconnect appliances and other personal devices. It is used in industrial applications and is quickly replacing legacy data transmission systems in the worlds telecommunications networks.In this research, we shall discuss interface options for Ethernet and the optic hold network (OTN) beyond degree CelsiusG. 100G Ethernet technologies give carriers the flexibility to phase in the executing of thesehigher-speed tramps to better align capacity increases with their specific growth and budget strategies. As we will see, 100G single wavelength channel is capable of significant cost reduction for the required comp mavinnt. Also we will have a look into HECTO encounter.Because of the increasing Ethernet traffic in networks, in this paper you will find some Eth ernet service should be scaled by Ethernet infrastructure which will protects the traffic. 100G EthernetWith the reality of 100G ethernet, the community has recently started to increase its am splinteringions to look into technology beyond 100G. Nowadays, ethernet is keeping up with the embarrassment of data go that drive exponential network traffic growth between 40 and 90 percent per year.IEEE 802.3 has 10x bit rate scaling by incorporating 40G ethernet into the 100G standard. This way shows us the increasing technology gap between desired ethernet rates and cutting-edge serial transmission bit rate in 100 LAN technologies.For the 100G WAN technologies, they need to accommodate exponentional rising traffic demands increasing per-fiber WDM capacities.In the future, there might be 400G LAN technology. It will likely go forward the parallel transmission approach by 100G Ethernet, but the degree of 400G Ethernet is higher comparing to the 100G Ethernet standard.For 400G WAN techno logy options it must be higher spectral efficiencies to accept increase WDM system capacities.Nowadays,1 Tb/s interface rates differ. 1 T Ethernet and OTN will almost certainly need significantly parallel transport interface in the LAN and in the WAN.High-speed components for 100G Ethernet transmission in one wave length onlyTo transmit 100G b/s on multiple wave length is almost impossible because of the partitioning of the signal and the different speed at which the lower-rate signals propagate through the fiber. So, the transmission of signal at 100 G b/s data rate on one wave length seems to be simple and straight forward by using on-off-keying (OOK). There is also a way to make this transmission works. We can use quadrature phase shift keying with polarization multiplexing and coherent detection. This phase carries the data of 4bits instead of 1bit, but the transmission is very expensive because of the complexity of it.The utilization of four wave length and 25 G b/s for from each one sub signal is the result of comparing a low number of wave lengths and the low bit rate of the sub signal.HECTOHECTO is the name of a project done by European commission which is the short-term of (High-speed Electro-opthalmic Components for Integrated Transmitter and Receiver in optical Communications).The idea of this project is to develop the circuits for a rate of 112G b/s with error-free operation. The goal of HECTO is to make 100 Gb/s Ethernet cost efficient components for electrical to optical as well as optical to electrical conversion. These converters should be developed as integrated devices to achieve high-performance devices and cost-efficient technologies. Also the project tries to develop both components in tight cooperation. consecrated system experiment were planned to investigate the proper interaction between the transmitter component ant the receiver component. The transmitter and the receiver for fiber optical communications should be able to be manufa ctured as products after completion of the project based on serial 100 GbE signals requiring about 100G b/s.The result achieved by the HECTO consortium would strongly impact the telecommunications industry and overall network-user community.Ethernet aggregation and transport infrastructure OAMEthernet is now expanding to inter-metro virtual private network (VPN) services as a layer 2 alternative to multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) VPN services. It is poised to become the dominant backhand interface for mobile services with the deployment of stern generation technology.Service postr Ethernet architectures have evolved because of the increasing volume of Ethernet traffic and broad ended of application for Ethernet. By using platforms that utilized Ethernet ports effectively and provide significant Ethernet aggregation back toward the service edge.Ethernet support OAM tools that enable providers to capitalize the simplicity and flexibility of Ethernet OAM protocol comprise four c omponents configuration and service provisioning, taint indication, diagnostic functions, and performance monitoring. These protocols operate at different layers within the Ethernet stackDiscovery layer that discover attributes of physical links on network elements post layer which is the physical or link layer. It is a link monitoring and remote failure indication.Network layer deals with the forwarding of Ethernet frames based on cut into identifiers within the frame. It is used as the aggregation component for the services layer.Service layer deals with individual service instances. This layer uses 3 protocols IFFF 802.1ag , MEF 16 E-LMI ( Ethernet- local vigilance interface), and 1TU-T Y.1731. it helps operators turn up services and support measurements of performance parameters at the service instance granularity.Ethernet aggregation and transport network must have protection. There ar 2 ethernet forwarding mechanisms that provide Ethernet aggregation and transport infrastr ucture, first Ethernet aggregation and transport over point-to-point VLAN(s), second Ethernet-based packet aggregation and transport over IEEE 802.1 Qay(PBB-TE). These mechanisms catch all the functional and availability requirements for Ethernet-based packet aggregation and transport layer and create point-to-point Ethernet networks with no MAC learning and flooding functions enable.Conclusions100G Ethernet and OTN are employing the highest serial bit rates. For 400G it seems to be available in both LAN and WAN.And for the components developed in HECTO potentially have set the stage for cheaper 100GBE by transmitting on one wave length only with one transceiver instead of using 4 wave lengths.Key Ethernet OAM and protection switching protocols are essential enhancement to evolve Ethernet beyond a simple switch metro enterprise service.ReferencesFrom IEEE magazines COMG_20100701_Jul_2010 COMG_20090201_Feb_2009

The Unknown Dangers of Cell Phones :: Health Communication Papers

The Unknown Dangers of Cell Phones When I was sixteen years old, I wanted a cadre phone more than anything. Not only did any my friends have them, but my parents did not allow me to talk to my boyfriend Jimmy. So I plan having a cell phone would be the instant solution to all my problems. Not only would I be able to talk to Jimmy whenever I wanted but having a cell phone would give me so much more independence. Not to mention the fact that they were extremely glamorous and simply the thing to have. Unfortunately, you have to be eighteen to set up a plan with any cell phone company, and my parents wouldnt even consider the idea, so all my begging and hoping came to nothing. The situation originally infuriated me, but after researching the risk of cell phones, I have begun to think that not getting a cell phone was one of the best things that ever happened to me. Sixty years ago, sixteen year olds and adults alike were unaware of the dangers of smoking. People were caught up in th e glamour that was intercommunicate in cigarette commercials. Millions of people took up smoking without having any idea of the risks they were running. It wasnt until 1948 that Ernst Wynder published the first study linking lung cancer to cigarettes ( Wynder). Even though the fellowship between cigarettes and cancer has been proven again and again, forty-eight million Americans still smoke ( Cancer.gov ). A similar situation is taking place with cell phones. though people have been using cell phones for many years, only recently has there been concern about the possibility of a connection in the rising slope number of cell phone users and the increasing incidences of brain cancer. Cell phones have been gaining popularity throughout the nineties. There are now over ten million cell phone users in America alone, and it is estimated that in 2005 there will be over 1.26 billion cell phone users worldwide ( Cellular Telecommunications Industry connective ). Many chemicals in our env ironment have long been known as cancer causing agents. These chemicals include radiation , asbestos, BPDE, and tamoxifen.(Cancer.gov). But none of these chemicals were recognized as carcinogens until several people contracted cancer of some type by being exposed to them. Cell phones have been proven to admit a trustworthy type of radiation about which the effects are unknown.