Death And The Kings Horseman: Giving Up The Battle Essay -- essays res

From the Western perspective, it is hard to understand ritual suicide as anything positive or facilitatory to the living. There almost seems to be no Western equivalent to the "duty" of Elesin in Death and the Kings Horseman. However, Wole Soyinka gives us a comparable situation in Janes verbal description of a captain blowing up a ship to save the people on the shore. Its a moment of hypocrisy on Britains part, both trying to oppose Elesins suicide and lauding a Western suicide which purports to do the exact same thing - save the living from destruction. Its also clear that Olunde sees this ridiculous parallel, but he does not make Jane see the connection. Instead, he lets the matter drop, which, in the Western perspective is puzzling. We want everyone to see the truth and explain it, and think worse of Olunde because of his inability to show Jane whats really going on. But it is really his own unique viewpoint and actions that show that what he does is much smarter than our want of brute force.Olundes intelligence stems from opinion before acting. Yes, Jane gives perfect ammunition to explain why his father saving his people from destruction and going to a much better place, but that doesnt wet the best solution is for him to point this out. Changing peoples opinions in discussion might be a Western virtue, but opening ones trap is not always the best strategic option. Olundes education and background combined give him a unique vantagepoint on action, and he...

Essay -- essays research papers

INTRODUCTION- Sally Dingo the author of Ernie Dingo the King of the Kids, positions us as we read through the book for us to feel virtually we had known him all through his life, and that we are like mates toward him. we may feel sympathy for one of their beloved family member dies or admiration for Ernies sporting talents in basketball, he was usually called show pony. SADNESS-Many people that Ullie, Bessie and Ernie loved passed away in the story. Many of them were close family relatives friends and people facilitate them out. The feeling of the sadness comes out of the book and makes you feel like you are in the scene watching it all happen and crying for them. Women who are widowed in the family usually dont have a shoulder to lean on or comfort them, and that was the case of Bessie when her mother Ullie died on her seventh stroke. Bessie did not have anyone to comfort her, and she was depressed about her husband Nobby, not treating the children right. As in not supporting th em to go to school, and holds boxing tournaments against the sons etc. ADMIRE-We approve many people for their different types of talents. Well Sally Dingo has written in the book some qualities of people whom we admire like having a cordial and caring personality. Dingo Jim, Bessies father, had many powers. Among the Yamatji, he was known as a Clever Man. Dingo Jim could even have visions of what if going on at home take for example when Bessie fell into the fire. Dingo Jim knew there was something wron...

Mykhailo Hrushevsky :: Hrushevsky Ukranian Author Biography Essays

Mykhailo Hrushevsky When wizard thinks of great Ukrainians a few names come to top dog and right at the top of that list is Mykhailo Hrushevsky. This man was a renassaince man on his worst day. He was an author, publicist, political and civic leader, and the most prominent Ukrainian historian. The kind of man that Hrushevsky was, is a the kind of man that makes nations great. Mykhailo Hrushevsky was innate(p) in the town of Kholm (now it is situated in the territory of Poland) in 1866.2 He lived in this atomic number 18 until he was only 3 when his family moved to Caucasia. He gradatory from the classical gymnasium, which is a type of academic school, in Tiflis (now Tbilisi) (1886)3. It was during this m that Hrushevsky started to write earn and such that were good enough to be published. afterwards his time at the gymnasium, Hrushevsky went on to the Kyiv University where he studied under the famed historian V. Antonovych4. He graduated in high regards in 1890 and published his first profound work, South Ruthenian Feudal Castles in the Mid-16th Century, in the same year.5 He continued to write and theater of operations and earned a masters degree in 1894. After his degree had been earned Hrushevsky was appointed professor of the newly created chair of Ukrainian history at Lviv University, by the recommendation of V. Antonovych.6 Hrushevskys time at Lviv was one of extraordinary production. He became very active in the Ntsh, also known as the Shevchenko scientific Society. He ran fundraisers and earned much needed funds for the association. He founded a library and a museum for the association. He brought many scholars into the association and also made extraneous contacts. He transformed the groups journal from a yearly to a monthly publication7. Also, he established an archeological part of the association in 1895.Mykhailo Hrushevsky Hrushevsky Uk ranian Author Biography EssaysMykhailo Hrushevsky When one thinks of great Ukrainians a few names come to mind and right at the top of that list is Mykhailo Hrushevsky. This man was a renassaince man on his worst day. He was an author, publicist, political and civic leader, and the most prominent Ukrainian historian. The kind of man that Hrushevsky was, is a the kind of man that makes nations great. Mykhailo Hrushevsky was born in the town of Kholm (now it is situated in the territory of Poland) in 1866.2 He lived in this are until he was only 3 when his family moved to Caucasia. He graduated from the classical gymnasium, which is a type of academic school, in Tiflis (now Tbilisi) (1886)3. It was during this time that Hrushevsky started to write letters and such that were good enough to be published. After his time at the gymnasium, Hrushevsky went on to the Kyiv University where he studied under the famed historian V. Antonovych4. He graduated in high regards in 1890 and published his first scholarly work, South Ruthenian Feudal Castles in the Mid-16th Century, in the same year.5 He continued to write and study and earned a masters degree in 1894. After his degree had been earned Hrushevsky was appointed professor of the newly created chair of Ukrainian history at Lviv University, by the recommendation of V. Antonovych.6 Hrushevskys time at Lviv was one of extraordinary production. He became very active in the Ntsh, also known as the Shevchenko Scientific Society. He ran fundraisers and earned much needed funds for the association. He founded a library and a museum for the association. He brought many scholars into the association and also made outside contacts. He transformed the groups journal from a yearly to a monthly publication7. Also, he established an archeological part of the association in 1895.

Rhetoric in Violence as Entertainment by Folisi Essay -- videogames, cr

It is shocking to believe that just because you like videogames and crime shows you are a bad person. This hold is one in which talks about people being obsess with violences. What would happen if just because you went to a story and got the the latest Grand Theft motorcar videogame people would run for the hill and accuse you of being crazy.In this artical we are given the idea that if a person liked violent video games, and crime shows, therefore the person is up to no good.In his article, Violence as Entertainment, Folisi employs a variety of rhetorical devices to divert the readers attention away from his lack of empirical evidence. The most hard-hitting of these devices is the use of multiple tones. To a lesser degree, Folisi also uses anecdotal evidence. This works directly against the fountains goals, exposing the weaknesses in his arguments.Folisi alternates between authoritative and speculative tones throughout the article. This is utilized in several different ways.Fi rst, Folisi is able to pass off many of his assumptions as event. The topic sentences of many paragraphs start with words such as we and our, projecting the authors personal thoughts and experiences out onto the rest of his audience. In this way, personal observations are subtly transformed into global assumptions. Consider for example the following excerptThe fact is, these kinds of news stories fascinate us. But why? Does life in a modern technological world breed individuals who are more criminally incited or inclined? Is it somehow more difficult for us to cope with our lives, with our basic instincts and needs, in societies which are cut off from nature? Through disconnecting and dividing us from our on-key instinctual inner nature, has modern technologi... ...ts and outcasts, maladjusted in schools and in society at large.Because he is so eager to apply rhetoric from every possible angle, Folisi incidentally provides a counterargument to everything he has said. This goes un addressed, as the author fails to recognize what he has done. As a result, the reader is left to question the article, possibly more than they would have had no argument been given at all. In all, Folisi has a strong rhetoric but his lack of practical evidence illuminates the shortcomings in his argument. Additionally, his attempt at development commiseration to emotionally engage the reader ultimately flounders and in fact works against him. To make his argument stronger, Folisi desperately needs to rethink his use of pathos and develop stronger evidence. In conclusion readers will be able to expand their thinking and ideas about why people commit crimes.

The Strengths and Limitations of the Behaviourist Approach in Explainin

The aim of this essay is to describe and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the demeanorist approach in terms of ability to explain behaviour. This essay willing briefly outline the historical development of the behaviourist approach and include psychologists ranging from Watson to Bandura. This essay will describe in detail the different perspectives held within behavioristic psychology from classical conditioning to the social learning theory and discuss the strengths and weakness surrounding these theories. The idea of Behaviourism dates back to Descartes. Descartes was a philosopher that introduced the mind and body debate, he believed that the mind and body were two separate existences that casually interacted with each other, he named this his theory of interactive dualism however the idea of behaviourism didnt derive from salutary this one point. Theories on the mind and body originated from as far back as Plato and Aristotle. (Gentile 2008) Another contributor to the idea of the behaviourism approach was John Locke with his feeling that all humans are born with tabular Rasa a blank state. Locke believed that the mind at birth had no innate conceptions and that all behaviour is learnt from the environment. Locke cute to validate his nurture belief so employed empirical methods of research. All these different theories helped Behaviourism come into a discipline in its own well(p) from the twentieth century onwards (Gentile 2008)The behaviourist approach is somewhat different to the other approaches in Psychology as the main focus is on the external environmental factors and the effect these have on behaviour. Behaviourists believe that People have no free will and that a persons environment determines their behaviour and that psy... ...lots of contrasting views surrounding the behaviourist approach and the explanations it gives for explaining behaviour however it can be said that behaviourism has made great contributions to a better underst anding of behaviour.Works CitedFlannagan,C (1997) A Level Psychology.London Letts educationalGentile,B and Miller,B (2008) Foundations of Psychological Thought A History of Psychology.Los Angeles Sage Publications LtdGlassman,W and Hadan,M (2004) Approaches to Psychology.4Ed.BerkshireOpen university Press.R,Gross 2004 Key studies in psychology.3Ed.OxfordHodder and StoughtonGross,R (2009)Psychology. The science of mind and behaviour. 5ed.OxfordHodder and StoughtonMoxon,D and Brewer,K.(2003) Heinemann Psychology.OxfordEducational PublishersRoth,I (2000) Introduction to Psychology.GlasgowBath Press Colour books.

The Strengths and Limitations of the Behaviourist Approach in Explainin

The aim of this essay is to describe and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the behaviourist approach in terms of exponent to explain behaviour. This essay will briefly outline the historical development of the behaviourist approach and include psychologists ranging from Watson to Bandura. This essay will describe in tip the different perspectives held within behaviorism from classical conditioning to the social learning theory and discuss the strengths and weakness surrounding these theories. The idea of Behaviourism dates back to Descartes. Descartes was a philosopher that introduced the mind and body debate, he believed that the mind and body were two separate existences that casually interacted with each other, he named this his theory of interactive dualism however the idea of behaviourism didnt derive from just this one point. Theories on the mind and body originated from as far back as Plato and Aristotle. (Gentile 2008) Another contributor to the idea of the behavio urism approach was John Locke with his belief that all humans are born with tabular Rasa a blank state. Locke believed that the mind at birth had no indispensable conceptions and that all behaviour is learnt from the environment. Locke wanted to validate his nurture belief so employed empirical methods of research. All these different theories helped Behaviourism come into a contain in its own right from the twentieth century onwards (Gentile 2008)The behaviourist approach is somewhat different to the other approaches in Psychology as the briny focus is on the external environmental factors and the effect these have on behaviour. Behaviourists believe that People have no free will and that a soulfulnesss environment determines their behaviour and that psy... ...lots of contrasting views surrounding the behaviourist approach and the explanations it gives for explaining behaviour however it can be said that behaviourism has made commodious contributions to a better understanding of behaviour.Works CitedFlannagan,C (1997) A Level Psychology.London Letts EducationalGentile,B and Miller,B (2008) Foundations of Psychological Thought A History of Psychology.Los Angeles Sage Publications LtdGlassman,W and Hadan,M (2004) Approaches to Psychology.4Ed.BerkshireOpen university Press.R,Gross 2004 Key studies in psychology.3Ed.OxfordHodder and StoughtonGross,R (2009)Psychology. The science of mind and behaviour. 5ed.OxfordHodder and StoughtonMoxon,D and Brewer,K.(2003) Heinemann Psychology.OxfordEducational PublishersRoth,I (2000) Introduction to Psychology.GlasgowBath Press Colour books.

Beloved & Story

Be cacoethesd is a soul-stirring unfermented with vivid resource, historical background and complex characters. The dark and grey, tones of slavery is very fastly captured in detail by characters going through the horrific experiences of slavery. The brutal images of slavery tarnishes their lives with mark(Beloved), scars, wounds, shackles, and memories with heavy burden of the past , fragmented self in the record and very foggy view of the incoming. The precious self, which is the birthright of every human world is stained, fragmented and diminished by the distressingnessful experiences of slavery.The body undergoes innumerable hardship, torture and agony and the mind is made crippled, dependant and weak with exhaustion and hostility. The scars of slavery shorten the human worlds to ashes, where they ar drained of any hope and light. The opinion is submerged in the burden of life, and everyday existence for survival. Some of the strong ideas around which the novel revol ves are love ( experiences possessive love), family, self-possessiveness, burden of the past, and desire for will power. These themes unite the events and the characters within the story.These are the themes that also reflect that human self is higher than the lethal bruises inflicted on the body by the painful experiences of slavery. The power of mothers love is the strong force which controls more happenings within the story. The life of the protagonist Sethe centers on the protection of her children from the horrors of the slavery. She lived a terrible life, where there was no ray of light and still managed to secure her freedom in the difficult days of pregnancy. How she managed to do it lies in her inner strength as a mother, for the protection of her children .Her mother love is the strong chord which propels her actions to send away her older children for safety and protection to bodge Suggs. In the last and difficult stages of pregnancy, when even walking is painful, she decides to run away from redolence Home with the help from a white girl Amy. She gives birth to her quaternate child on the run and still breakthroughs strength to carry on until she reaches the safety of home, where Baby Suggs lives with her other children. The whole length of the novel is weaved with instances that reinforce the strong desire for the family.The vision of united family under one roof is something held as aspiration for Sethe ( the main character), Baby Sugg ( the paternal grandmother), Denver(the living daughter), Paul D(another slave from Sweet Home) and Beloved( the ghost incarnate). The fellowship 124 is the symbolic of the shelter of home, which brings all the characters under this one roof, where all the interaction and complexities arise. This is where the past, present and future are face to face, in the speed for dominance and survival. This is where the mystery of the numbers is revealed.The critical role which Beloved, the 3rd child, dead as well as living, plays is unfathomable. She creates the mysterious haunted atmosphere within the walls of bear 124. Beloved fills the missing number 3, and remains as the unseen force calling the shots through her possessive love and desire for revenge. She represents the invisible force of past, which controls the actions of the present. The inhabitants of House 124 are locked in love, possessive love which directs their thoughts and actions beyond control.The world outside does not attract them they want to be in the security of their house, which represents their freedom and safety. The ownership of House 124 is her first attempt to live a normal life without the shackles of slavery. Ownership is complex, when the experiences are so burdened by the cruelties of the past. The stamp of ownership reduce the humans living within the system to indifference. The body suffers, the mind is shattered with pain and anguish, and the spirit is reduced to emptiness.In this desperation, humans can a ct out of love in unpredictable ways to escape from the darkness and grimness of the situation. This is what Sethe did when she killed her one year-old daughter because she did not want her to live the life which she was living. The mark on Sethes mother was a mark of possession, the branding of a slave. The humans who were owned as slaves were treated worse than animals. For the first time, Paul D reveals his 18-year struggle, the endless outpouring and hiding. To him, slavery is worse than being an animal Mister the rooster was allowed to be and stay where he was.But I wasnt. We learn of the cruelty of the schoolteachers two nephews, who sucked on Sethes milk as if she were an animal. The pain of watching his wife abused by the owners school teacher and his nephews, drove Sethes husband Halle mad. (Beloved). The strong desire for ownership can also be seen, later on in Sethe, Paul D, Beloved and Denver, when they are living in House 124. Their relationship is also a struggle in the strike of ownership and struggle to find that strength to make the claim.The biggest hurdle in their claim for love and ownership is the heavy burden of the past which they carry as haunted voices and dark clouds. The virile game of love and seduction makes this struggle for power more complicated. The significant role of the heart wounded, locked away and bleeding reinforces the subscribe to for love and ownership. The exposed breast as the source of milk, a sign of nurturance indicates the power of protection and possession. Sethe controls the chief events within her household she is the nurturer as well as the killer.Her love is possessive and strong. She has survived and wishes to hold on to the chords of the future. Sethes possessive love is challenged by Beloved, the ghost of the dead baby overshadows the life of people living at House 124when she reveals herself as a woman, 19 or 20 years of age, coming out of the marsh fully dressed. She is tired and thirsty, but her shoes are new and her skin is flawless except for three scratches on her forehead. It takes her more than two days to drag herself to 124 With a harsh voice, she pronounces that her name is Beloved.Beloved brings back many memories, especially those regarding the horrors of slavery (Beloved). The existing contrasts reveal her out of world characteristics. Much of the imagery in Beloved is dedicated to the picture of the cellars of a slave ship, with implications that this is the note Beloved was before she was born. The description is one of a womb, not of a cramped slave ship. The past has been forgotten, and there is a strong feeling of being trapped in the darkness (Beloved). Beloved is a dangerous mix of human traits and ghostly characteristics. Though hungry for love, she can smother love with revenge.She is a schemer and a parasite, which arrives in the House 124 to fulfill her unfinished desires and urges. She is only centered on herself, which intensifies her fears and terr ors. The horror of the obscurity, the pangs of hunger and the fear of death immobilizes the mind and the body. The self, the spirit within is gradually overpowered by the agony of physical torture. The memories haunt the living as well as the ghost, as a shadow of all the experiences. The imagery of loudness and sound also plays a significant role to describe that House 124 was spiteful (Beloved).Here the spite is alive it is, as Stamp Paid realizes, the nose drops of people of the broken necks, of fire-cooked blood and black girls who had lost their ribbons (Beloved). What roars is the dead, the injustice dealt to more than sixty million, all alive in Beloved. The loudness betrays a sinister theatrical role of Beloved which has not yet surfaced. The loudness is the cry, the despair and the frustrations of lifes experienced by people in shackles and chains, with no freedom to live, think or feel. It is self crying to be saved from this mortal combat of pain and anguish.The deep i mprint of slavery is once again brought into play when Paul D reminisces about Sweet Home (Beloved) Even death does not deter the human soul and human self from the desire for freedom. Though the mortal bruises brook the body and mind, they do not completely destroy the sanctuary of the self, however fragmented and withered. This light within is what keeps humans, such as Sethe and Sixo, to keep going and to find the way to freedom, either through escape or death. The helplessness experienced as a victim of slavery tarnishes the self deeply, leaving a soulfulness dirty and unclean from within.That anybody white could take your whole self for anything that came to mind. Not just work, kill or maim you, but dirty you. Dirty you so bad you couldnt like yourself anymore. Dirty you so bad you forgot who you were and couldnt think it up The lift out thing was, was her Sethes children. Whites might dirty her all right, but not her best thing(Beloved). The inner strength of Sethe is very strongly portrayed in the lines above, showing she is willing to go to any length to protect her children and save them from acquire dirty.The possessiveness and the protective aspect of maternity are very powerfully expressed in this comment. Mother love is the protector and the nurturer, but also a killer. thralldom is not just an institution it is a philosophy and mindset which is far-reaching in its consequences (ROTHSTEIN The horrific memories of the past hold a powerful influence on the present life of Sethe and Denver. The re-emergence of Beloved on the scene as half human and half ghost, half child and half adult adds complexity beyond comprehension.All the powerful feminine emotions play a critical role in adding drama and despair. The entanglement of the relationships between Denver and Beloved, though sisters, exposes the deep jealousy and bitterness. The dependence and immaturity, is characterized by their selfishness and insecurity. The overcast clouds of wounds, sca rs and shackles, are too heavy a burden to carry from one life to another. The past is a burden, the present is a struggle and future is so foggy that the road to freedom seems lost.The insatiable desire of the fragmented self to rise in spirit to face the world is the beautiful pass along hidden in the heaps of ashes of the past. The message is to bury the past, loosen the shackles of the present bindings and look to future with the hope and courage. Works Cited ROTHSTEIN , MERVYN. Toni Morrison, In Her bran-new Novel, Defends Women. Books. August 26, 1987, . The New York Times Company. 1 Mar 2007 . ( ROTHSTEIN ) Beloved. Beloved. 1998-2007. Homework Online Inc. 1 Mar 2007 . (Beloved)

Development through life stages Essay

Discuss the constitution- training debate in relation to the evolution of the individual (M1) & Evaluate how nature and nurture may affect the forcible, intellectual, frantic and affable development of two stages of the development of the individual (D1). Nature can be loosely defined as genetic inheritance or the genetic makeup (the discipline encoded in your genes) which a individual inherits from some(prenominal) pargonnts at the time of conception and carries through come in vivification. Several things in an individual genetically inherits include ranging from g quiter, eye colour, risks for plastered diseases and exceptional talents to height. The concept of nature thus refers to biologically inherited carryencies and abilities that tidy sum view as and which may get revealed later on as they grow up. upgrade can be defined as the different environmental factors to which a person is subjected from birth to death. There atomic number 18 many environmental facto rs. They include both physical environments and social environments. Some theorists believe that people behave as they do according to genetic predispositions or even because of animal instincts. This is known as the nature theory of military personnel behaviour. Other theorists believe that people think and behave in certain ways because they ar taught to do so.This is known as the nurture theory of human behaviour. (www.yourenglishlessons.wordpress.com) Nature refers to the inherited (genetic) characteristics and break awayencies that influence development. Some inherited characteristics appear in virtually everyone. All nipperren have a pitch of universal human genes that, when coupled with a reasonable environment, permit them to develop as reasonably capable members of the human species. Inherited characteristics and tendencies are not evermore evident at birth. Many physical features emerge gradually through the process of maturation, the genetically guided changes that o ccur over the lam of development. Environmental support, and responsive care from otherwises, is necessary for maturation to take place. Childrens experiences in the environment affect all aspects of their being, for example the health of their bodies or the curiosity of their minds. Nurture affects barbarianrens development in many ways.With good environmental support, tykeren thrive. Unfortunately, the conditions of nurture are not always nurturing. For example, children who grow up in an abusive family must fashion outside the family for stable, affectionate care. It is known that your genetic science determine what you entrust look like and even your height. However your heightand looks can be changed if a person doesnt eat properly or are in an accident. People can become anorexic, cogent, anaemic and so forth And all of these can affect how a person looks and their height. If a child is malnourished whence this can cause their growth to deteriorate and they may devel op problems like rickets. By looking at adoption studies it is shown that identical twins share akin(predicate) intelligence whether they are brought up together or not. With this data we can make an argument that genetics has a greater influence in the intelligence of identical twins as well as the environment. Your IQ which is determined by your genes can as well be affected by the environment around an individual. If a person has not got as good school opportunities as another person with the aforementioned(prenominal) determined IQ, if they perhaps cannot go to a good as school as them or if their teachers are not as good as the other then theyre IQ testament not be as developed as the other person which means that nurture too plays a map in a persons IQ. (www.boundless.com)However in recent years there has been a growing realization that the question of how oft behaviour is payable to genetic endowment and how much to environment may itself be the wrong question. Take i ntelligence as an example. Like almost all types of human behaviour it is a complex, many-sided phenomenon which reveals itself (or not) in a great variety of ways. The how much question assumes that the variables can all be expressed numerically and that the issue can be resolved in a quantitative manner. The reality is that nature and culture interact in a host of qualitatively different ways. (McLeod 2007) Nature vs. nurture could refer to really intelligent people. One reason given for their being so gifted at contracting and acquiring information magnate be that its in their genes. They have really intelligent parents a high IQ i.e. their genetic makeup has enabled them to be intelligent. And likewise, you might argue the opposite for very unintelligent people. (Nature) Whereas some people might argue that its how that person is raised. The childs parents gave him all kinds of means to learn with, or encouraged his education from an early age, etc.The less intelligent childs parents, on the other hand, kicked him outside all day, kept him from school, called him stupid, etc. (Nurture) In my opinion, both nature and nurture have an effect on the development of an individual. Having read both sides, I personally believe that indeed nature does have a significant impaction on the holistic development of theindividual. In my opinion, our personalities are related to our genetics. I have a very similar temperament to my father, which supports my view. My sister on the other hand, has a temperament which is very similar to my mums. Also, I believe that our intelligence is genetically driven. Some people are naturally more intelligent than others and this cannot be disputed. Of course, nurture with regards to intelligence and personality is also serious. If a child experiences a lack of support with their education, they may not perform to the best of their ability. With that being said however, the level of support that the child receives does not actually alter their natural ability. Also, an individual may flummox a negative experience in their upbringing.This may result in their development being altered or different. Peer pressure also exists and hence we must make out all of these extra factors regarding the development of individuals. Researchers have uncovered convincing links between parenting personal manners and the effects these styles have on children. During the early 1960s, psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study on more than 100 preschool-age children (Baumrid, D. (1967) child-care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behaviour. Genetic psychology monographs, 75, 43-88).Using naturalistic observation, parental interviews and other research methods, she identified four of import dimensions of parenting disciplinary strategies, warmth and nurturance, communication styles and expectations of maturity and control. Based on these dimensions, Baumrind suggested that the majority of parents display one of three different parenting styles. Further research by Maccoby also suggested the addition of a fourth parenting style (Maccoby, E.E. (1992). The role of parents in the socialization of children An historical overview. Developmental psychology, 28, 1006-1017) The four parenting styles areAuthoritarian parenting in this style of parenting, children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents. Failure to follow such rules usually results in punishment. Authoritarian parents fail to explain the reasoning bottom of the inning these rules. If asked to explain, the parent might simply reply, because I said so. These parents have high demands, but are not responsive to their children. Authoritarian parenting styles generallylead to children who are obedient and proficient, but they rank lower happiness, social competence and self-esteem. Authoritative parenting like authoritarian parents, those with an authoritative parenting style establish rules and guidelines t hat their children are expected to follow. However, this parenting style is much more democratic. Authoritative parents are responsive to their children and willing to listen to questions. When children fail to meet the expectations, the parents are more nurturing and forgiving rather than punishing. Authoritative parenting styles tend to result in children who are happy, capable and successful (Maccoby, 1992.)Permissive parenting permissive parents, sometimes referred to as indulgent parents, have very few demands to make of their children. These parents seldom discipline their children because they have relatively low expectations of maturity and self-control. According to Baumrind, permissive parents are more responsive than they are demanding. They are non-traditional and lenient, do not have mature behaviour, allow considerable self-regulation, and avoid confrontation (1991). Permissive parents are generally nurturing and communicative with their children, often taking on the status of a sponsor more than that of a parent. Permissive parenting often results in children who rank low in happiness and self-regulation. These children are more likely to experience problems with authority and tend to perform poorly in school. degage parenting An uninvolved parenting style is characterized by few demands, low responsiveness and little communication.While these parents fulfil the childs basic needs, they are generally detached from their childs life. In extreme cases, these parents may even reject or neglect the needs of their children. Uninvolved parenting styles rank lowest across all life domains. These children tend to lack self-control, have low self-esteem and are less competent than their peers. It is extremely important for a parent to demonstrate good parenting skills. How parents interact with their child affects their development in a significant way. How a child is brought up could affect the childs social skills, they could turn out to be too shy, suffer anxiety, get nervous around people or even become moisten depending on their situations at home. If a child is bought up in a home with violence, they could grow up thinking that it is the normal thing to do. Similarly, if a child is brought up in a very stable and loving househ older, this couldenable them to be happier and enjoy life more and this could also help bring out their personality and feelings. I believe that this suggests that a persons personality does take an effect on how they deal with their environmental surroundings and the person that they will grow to become. Nurture can significantly impact an adults emotional and social development.If someone was treated badly as a child, this may reflect on their personality and behaviour as an adult. The individual may be withdrawn and depressed. This could be caused by the negative experiences they had in their childhood. Also, if an adult is obese it may be as a result of nurture. If a child is brought up being al lowed to eat nothing but junk nutrition, they will consider this type of eating as normal. As a result of this, nurture has a significant impact on the physical development of a child and indeed an adult, with regards to obesity. We could argue however, that obesity is genetic and that is where nature is to blame. In a study that included more than 5,000 identical and non-identical twin pairs, researchers found heredity to be a much bigger predictor of childhood obesity than lifestyle. They concluded that three-quarters of a childs risk for becoming overweight is due to genetic influences, while just under a quarter of risk can be attributed to environment.Either way, both nature and nurture can have an impact on the physical development of an individual. (www.webmd.co.uk) I believe that if a child has grown up in a rough area then it will be more likely that they might get into trouble with the police, in school etc. This may be because they have seen older children or maybe even adults do something they shouldnt and this influences them to do the same. Drink and drugs may influence antisocial behaviour. If antisocial behaviour is seen as normal you may end up repeating the cycle. However, it is the parents responsibility to make sure that their child is safe. Therefore, I believe that environmental factors can change how a child behaves depending for example on where they live and what kind of people they are exposed to. I personally do not believe there is a cover answer to this debate. There is no way to prove how much influence each has in forming who we are, so we have to rely on logic and research that has been conducted regarding the issue.But each side has different interpretations of what evidence is available. I do believe however, that both nature and nurture play a significant part in our personal development but I believethat they are equally as important, there is no better theory. I believe that you are born with certain genetic traits and pr edispositions which influence how you react to your environment. Your environment shapes the person you are because it presents you with choices, challenges, and opportunities. Your genetic traits provide you with strengths and weaknesses. It is how you utilize those strengths to overcome the challenges, and take advantage of the opportunities, and of course the choices that you make that ultimately make you who you are. How does nature/nurture affect the development of Miya at 5 years old? Nature has a significant impact on the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of Miya. During this stage of childhood, Miya will be going through a period of growth. Miyas physical development will be determined by her genes and this cannot be controlled.Growth is pre-determined by nature and therefore, it cannot be changed or stopped. Nurture also has a significant impact on Miyas holistic development during this stage of her life. Parenting has a huge impact on her intellectua l, emotional and social development. If Miya is fed a lot of junk food by her parents, then nurture would be responsible for her becoming overweight. Unless Miya is genetically programmed to become overweight, this would be at the fault of her parents for allowing her to eat too many cankerous foods, and not providing her with a balanced diet. Also, nurture will impact significantly on Miyas intellectual development. If she is encouraged to complete her homework e.g. by doing class period or simple maths with her parents, Miya will benefit intellectually. Also, if Miyas parents did not take the time to do these activities with Miya her intellectual development may negatively be affected by nurture. In terms of emotional and social development, nurture is significantly important at this stage of Miyas life.If Miya is shown love, she will feel emotionally secure and accepted by her parents. Miya will be able to trust her parents and will expect affection and love from others if she is used to getting that at home. On the other hand however, if Miya experiences abuse from her parents, this can have devastating consequences on her emotional and social development both at this stage in her life and in the future. If Miya experiences abuse, she may have problems trusting people and this could continue on to her adulthood. How does nature/nurture affect the development of Miya at 14 years old? Nature/ Nurture have asignificant impact on Miyas physical, intellectual, emotional and social development during this stage of the lifespan. In terms of her physical development, Miya will be going through puberty during this stage of her life. Puberty is controlled by nature. Puberty is genetically programmed, Miya cannot change that puberty will happen as it is determined by nature the individual cannot change that it will eventually occur. Nature also affects Miyas intellectual development. Miya will have a particularized IQ which will determine her natural intelligence. Of course, through nurture, Miya can make the most of her IQ e.g. by encouragement to study, parents providing resources etc. but, her IQ cannot actually be changed as it is determined by nature.Miyas IQ will be developed by nature, but it will be supported through the nurture she receives in her life. For example, by her parents and teachers supporting her to achieve her best possible outcomes in school. Nurture will have a major impact on the emotional and social development of Miya. During this time, peer pressure and the influence of her friends will be huge. As a result of peer pressure, Miya may engage in activities that she otherwise may not have considered (drinking, drugs etc.) With regards to her development, this may have a negative impact as Miya will most likely not be really happy with the decisions she makes. The internet and social media will also have a significant impact on the development of Miya both socially and emotionally. Facebook will be a very important pa rt of Miyas life as she will want to keep in contact with friends by using this social networking site. If Miya uses Facebook correctly, it could be a positive experience.However, sometimes Facebook can result in bullying which could negatively impact on her social and emotional development at this point in her life. Nurture can also have an impact on the type of friends Miya may have. If Miyas parents are strict, they may choose who she is allowed to/ not allowed to be friends with. This will affect Miyas emotional and social development. If Miya is not allowed to socialise with certain people, she may become upset with the decisions her parents have made for her.Miya may rebel against her parents if she feels she hasnt got enough freedom. If her parents are too strict, she may withdraw from talking to them as she might feel they will judge her. As a result of this, Miya may not discuss concerns/worries she has and this could have a very negative impact on her emotional development . On the other handhowever, if Miyas parents set reasonable boundaries the relationship may be better. Miya may feel more comfortable talking to her parents if they are not too strict. Also, Miya may be happier socially too. If she is allowed to socialise with who she wants, she will not feel the need to rebel against the restrictions that her parents create.ReferencesMcLeod, S. A. (2007). Nature Nurture in Psychology. Retrieved from http//www.simplypsychology.org/naturevsnurture.html (accessed 17/11/14) https//www.boundless.com/psychology/textbooks/boundless-psychology-textbook/intelligence-11/measuring-intelligence-62/genetic-and-environmental-impacts-on-intelligence-243-12778/) (accessed 19/11/14) http//yourenglishlessons.wordpress.com/2009/10/25/nature-vs-nurture-are-we-really-born-that-way/ (accessed 19/11/14) http//www.webmd.co.uk/children/news/20080211/nature-trumps-nurture-in-child-obesity (accessed 24/11/14)

Frizza †Frozen Pizza Marketing Plan Essay

The current size of pizza merchandise in India is INR 1750 crores and is growing at the rate of 25-30% per year. But in that respect is headspring-nigh no presence of the frozen pizza in India. Contrasting this to the USA where frozen pizza industry accounts for 13.6% of total USD 40 one thousand million pizza industry. olibanum there exists an opportunity to launch a increase in this argona. In this report, we are trying to achieve the following market research to gauge consumer behavior and preferences, followed by Segmentation, Targeting and localisation for frozen pizza product in India and finally building a marketing strategy to launch it.We started with the Porters fivesome Forces analysis. We found out that Intensity of Industry competitor was low to medium, Availability of Substitutes was low to medium, Potential Entrants were High, Buyer Power was low and Supplier Power was low-medium. This was followed by primary research where we took surveys (online and live). This was supplemented with secondary research to find out the assorted aspects of consumer behaviour.The core benefits were identified as Easy to Cook and scrumptious Food. Generally, the termination makers are the young earning professionals or the earning member of the family/housewife. In case of the housewife, their decisions are normally influenced by their pestering children. We then did market ingredientation basis various methods desire customer characteristics (geographic, demographic, socio economic, psychographic), buying point (consumption rate, consumer predispositions), mediagraphics and personas. We decided to target batch in age group of more than 23 years of age with network of more than 2 lakhs per annum.We thus positioned our product as To all those who want a comfortable life and who love good & healthy regimen, Frizza is a unusual looking product that lets you enjoy the taste of heaven, saves your time and is there for you Anytime you want it. The p roduct was named as Frizza with the tagline Anytime pizza. We then decided the marketing strategy. Starting with merchandise decision, we saw that Frizza is differentiated from its competitors like dominoes basis 4 main parameters (i) Lower price at selfsame(prenominal) taste (ii) Convenience factor (of utilize the product anytime rather than just 12 hours during which a eating house is open) (iii) Square shape rather than circular shape, which would appeal to children and adults alike (iv) Emotional satisfaction for mothers attack out of the get holding that she has cooked a meal for her children. We then decided various characteristics of the product like toppings, and so forth basis results from the survey.Due to many reasons as explained in the report, the determine came to as 30-40% lower than that of competition like Dominoss. In terms of the place, we decided to launch the product only in cities given the infrastructural constraints at the beginning. The retail chann els were decided as supermarkets, speciality stores and super stores, thus following the selective distribution strategy. Various promotional activities (both ATL and BTL) like television ads, Facebook, newspapers, events, etc. were planned. Finally, financial analysis was done to conclude the breakeven point as 7 quarters.MOTIVATIONThe pizza industry in India is mainly divided into 2 formats dine in and take away. The current size of pizza market in India is INR 1750 crores and is growing at the rate of 25-30% per year. The holding company of the current market leader, i.e. Dominos grew 9 times from INR 155 crores in 2007 to INR 1407 crores in 2013 brining the annual growth rate to an amazing figure of 45%. But there are gaps in the market. First, the pizza stores are limited in number, reach and timing. Thus accessibility is limited. Secondly, although pizzas at lower price points are available, luxuriouslyer end pizzas or pizzas offering variety of toppings cost upward of INR 200 per pizza.Thus, there is scope to use low pricing as a competitive advantage. Hence comes the frozen ideal to fulfil the existing gaps. This invention is already prevalent in developed countries. In USA for example, frozen pizza industry accounts for 13.6% of total USD 40 billion pizza industry. As per Frozen food global industry guide from Market Line, sale of frozen pizza & ready meal market globally account for 41.1% of overall frozen food market. Also, Asia-Pacific is the largest market for frozen foods, accounting for 34.3% of global market value, and supermarkets and hypermarkets form the leading distribution channel for frozen food account for 70.2% of the markets value.OBJECTIVEIn this report, we are trying to achieve the following market research togauge consumer behaviour and preferences, followed by Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning for frozen pizza product in India and finally building a marketing strategy to launch it.METHODOLOGYPrimary research We had two k inds of greet towards primary research. We prepared a comprehensive questionnaire to gauge the demographic, socio-economic & psychographic traits and market reaction towards the existing products and willingness to pay of respondents for the frozen pizza product. We conducted live surveys in the nearby malls (Gopalan inwardness and Meenakshi Mall) during peak days (a Sunday and the Independence Day) by distribution of questionnaire among sight of different age, gender and income groups for example college goers, mothers, single men, married couples etc. We also poised online responses across diverse geographic and professional groups via social networking sites and emails.Secondary research We used online resources to study the global frozen pizza markets and potential growth of the same in Indian markets and to gather information about the existing players and their positioning.FINDINGS1. Porters Five Forces to Understand Industry Competitiveness Intensity of Industry Competiti on Low-Medium Number of firms- at that place are large no of players in Indian Pizza market. These include the market leader Dominos, Pizza hut, Papa johns, Pizza corner, Pizza Express, Smoking Joes, Amul and Local Pizza Producers. But there is no popular brand in frozen Pizza other than Amul. Highly difficult market (Low HHI)- The market is highly concentrated with high HHI of approx 4700.Dominos leads the market with 67% market share with its 600+ stores. Pizza hut is second with around 20% market share and 180 + stores. Others have market share from 2-5% with 20-40 Stores. Share of Amul is very low. Demand Supply mismatch- As per our estimates there is clearly no supply in the market, although there seems to be strong demand.Availability of Substitutes Low-Medium Buyer propensity to substitute Though overall competition is high, Competitors in the frozen pizza market piece are low therefore buyer propensity to substitute is very low. Product differentiation & Pricing- The pr oducts offered by most of the Pizza producers are similar and there is no differentiation in product currently. The number of products available at comparatively lower prices is less.Potential Entrants High Attractive Market-Indian quick service restaurant industry is estimated to be 6000 Cr and is expected to reach 18000 Cr by 2018. The pizza industry is expected to grow at a CAGR 25-28%. Low doorway Barriers and low throttle barriers- The capital requirement is comparable to other product providers in the market and is not massive in any way. Even the exit barriers are less. Big brands-Big global brands like Papa Murphy, Little Caesers are not in India yet and there is potential threat of them Entering India. McCain though not in frozen Pizzas, may enter in the future. Buyer Power Low Uniqueness- Frozen Pizza is still a unique concept in India and the firms providing it are also less. Large no. of buyers The large no of Buyers with very few providers of frozen Pizza, decreases the bargaining power of buyer. Switching cost- The current pricing structure of big brands which is very similar also decreases the power of consumers, forcing them to buy from the available options. Supplier Power Low-Medium Material Suppliers- There is large number of suppliers for ingredients like flour, vegetables, etc. The suppliers for Cheese and imported vegetables are less and so they have more power. In-house technology-The technology used by most of the Pizza Manufacturer is in-house, which reduces suppliers negotiation power.Amul Frozen Pizza Foreseeing the growth of the frozen food market in India, Amul launched frozen pizza in 2001 in Gujarat. It planned to barge in the product all over India through its already existing channel. But it failed to capture the market and had to close the product category soon. It could not adapt to the changes that the Indian quick restaurant and the Pizza market were undergoing in that period. The pricing of Amul Pizza was Rs 45 for a small Pizza which was very high at that time. Also, the product was not positioned well in the market and proper segmentation was not done. But recently, Amul has re-launched its frozen pizza product.2. Consumer BehaviourPrimary market research We receive 161 responses (43 offline & 118 online responses) for our survey. The survey data was then filtered based on our target segment (discussed later) Employed/Earning member of the family in the age group of 24-41 with more than 2 lakh/annum salary of household. Thus, 83 of our respondents fell under our target market. Core values & Benefits sought by the consumers Based on our survey, we came to know that, 27% consumers take pizza, whenever they feel Too lazy to cook, and 40% take pizza for Lunch or Dinner. The core benefits thus are Easy to Cook and Tasty Food. Hence our product must be designed to satisfy these core benefits. In addition to this, following are the results for various factors as rated by the respondents. These are on a scale of 1 to 5 with 1 as least important and 5 as most important.Decision reservation Unit Based on our primary market research, it is evident that 55% of our customers who are in the age group of 24-41 are variety-lovers and they used to try latest trends & products. Generally, the earning member of the family or the housewife makes the purchase decision. But their decisions are normally influenced by their pestering children. Decision Making The taste and variety of the food forms the introductory evaluation criteria for the purchase decision. Majority of the respondents are passive in information search. And, out of various medium of information, people best-loved to spend time on TV and the list is followed by the social networking sites.3. Segmentation, Targeting, PositioningSegmentation Market research results helped in identifying the market segments. We will use below three freehanded bases on which we will identify our target market. (a) Based on Customer Charact eristicGeographic We expect large no. of customers to come mainly from resistance cities in India. Based on our survey, we see less familiarity with the frozen pizza product in Bangalore despite it being one of the biggest cities in India. We expect the situation to be much worse in smaller cities. Ever had Frozen Pizza before?DisinterestedDemographic The general market segment potentiometer be divided in younger generation with an age group between 12-23 years, Mid-age working people who can spend money on high quality frozen pizzas with their high disposable income and 35+ women mothers who make the Pizza purchase decision for their kids.Socioeconomic We can target SEC middle segment of B2&C along with upper segment of A2&B1. Psychographic Based on VALS framework, we have identified 3 major segments (out of 8) as following Strivers They are resource encumber people with high elasticity of demand, who like variety in general and would be keen to try new products offered at an a ttractive price. Achievers This segment has goal-oriented people with a deep commitment to career. They are looking for timesaving alternatives in marketplace. Believers They are conservative, conventional people with established routine and exhibit high brand loyalty. They are predictable and favor familiar brands.(b) Based on Buying SituationConsumption Behavior/Usage Rate Through the survey we identified people with varying consumption frequency of pizza from weekly to monthly. The typical 80/20 rule where 80% of firms sales are obtained from 20% of customers, doesnt gull in our context. Consumer Predispositions/Product knowledge & Attitude Some of the non-earning teenagers show willingness to pay a higher price and ability to afford high discretionary expenses. There is another segment with an indifferent attitude towards the product.(c) Based on Mediagraphics It is a new term in marketing literature describing media viewing habits of customers. It helps identify image of p romotional media consumer prefers. (TV, radio, internet etc.)SOCIAL NETWORKING(d) Personas Basis the above inputs, we made the following personasAnjali (16) College-going student who lives with her parents and spends most of the time with her college friends. She has a large circle of girl friends with a very busy social life. She doesnt have astrong brand loyalty and currently consumes pizza from all available major brands by taking turns. She is also very active on social networking sites. Rahul (27) Rahul is an unmarried IT engineer. His work life is very hectic and often eats out or gets food delivered at home. He lives in an apartment and is earning reasonably well. He spends lot of time on Internet but doesnt have a very busy social life, virtual or otherwise. He is bit health conscious and when it comes about Pizza, he largely sticks with Dominos as his preferred brand. He likes their speedy delivery and ease of ordering.Mrs. Bhargav (40) Mrs. Bhargav is a working mother who has a 9 to 5 job. She has two kids less than 10 years of age. She earns well for herself and often buys pizza for her kids depending as and when they insist. She doesnt use Internet match but follows some TV programs very closely. Because of her workload, she often gets tired after advance back from office and doesnt like idea of home cooked fullfledged meal every day. Targeting Criteria while picking target segmentCriteria

Creative Spark Talk †Taking Imagination Seriously Essay

Janet Echelman is a self-proclaimed artist who never formally learned the craftsmanship of being an architect, engineer, or sculptor. However, her story is superstar of determination and perseverance through hardship that fuels inspiration to make imagination a reality. Ms. Echelman was an honored speaker at a 2011 TED Talk conference and the title of her speech was, Taking Imagination soberly. The focus of her speech is about the ability to utilize numerous inventive methods to bring about the natural beauty of art.Illuminating Stages of CreativityEchelman shares in her ripple that she was offered an opportunity to travel to India and host an art presentation. She had been painting abroad for 10 years so she considered herself prepared and had envisaged concepts for the exhibition. However, met with the dilemma of missing painting supplies, Echelman began brainstorming to mould the problem. Recalling that sculpting was esteemed in the area, she entertained the idea of creating bronze moldings but dismissed because the cost, size, and weight would be too great. Stumped in the creative process, a new proficiency to design aerial sculptures suddenly appears by watching fishermen pile nets on the beach. Acting on her mysterious moment of clarity, Janet Echelman brought into existence with the help of local fishermen, a one of a kind sculpture titled Wide Hips.Captivated by visions of effortless motions and images influenced by every flutter of the wind, Echelman was compelled to master variations of the artistry. Although her beginning whole shebang was temporary, they were viewed by thousands and gained her recognition. She was commissioned to erect a sculpture, which challenged a series of actions to achieve lasting results. Her ability to transform the idea of using ordinary material to get together monumental artwork is stimulating and touching the minds of society.Concepts of Imagination and CuriosityJanet Echelman ac experienced that she required hel per and resources to further the growth of her creations. She began gathering, sorting, and organizing information on what tools or equipment would be needed along with developing relationships with various engineers. This new form of art had not been done before it was created through the process of connecting visions and absorbing ideas from environment. Janet Echelman was able to gear up concepts into action by experimenting with existing methods and modifying until reaching the goal. She allowed her imagination to cultivate scenarios of innovations that the world had yet to experience. When presented with the advantage to construct a sculpture in the middle of a city, Janet Echelmans curiosity was electrified. Future assignments entailed exploring antithetic techniques, learning and understanding how they will work together. With each new project, Janet applied inquisitive thinking skills to explore and suss out how she would accomplish constructing and stabilizing the artwor k. Every sculpture took on distinctiveness through color, form, texture, and assembly.As a result of allowing her curiosity to lead her toward additional ideas and perspectives, Ms. Echelman achieved greater knowledge how to use cogitative dimensions. Points Apply to Personal Experience and Beneficial to Society As a culture and in families, mass are taught that to pursue dreams or succeed in a career, education is a necessity. However, some people assume a certain path is meant for them but destiny has a different course for them. Janet Echelman shared several points that could be related to personal experiences to find my own creative path in life. As a result of my own adversities with finishing college at a younger age, acceptance into an art institute to study interior design was not achieved. Nonetheless, with encouragement and determination implanted, designing remained a hobby practiced. Nurturing and releasing my imagination to explore various angles, colors, and shapes t hat correlated or contrasted with one another broadened possibilities.Although interior design is not my career, the creative process of intuitively recognizing issues and formulating questions to solve them, gives guidance in different capacities of life. Janet Echelman referenced topics that are beneficial to society wherein many people struggle with asking themselves questions that are correlated to the karyon of what drives their thoughts. A person must beopen-minded and willing to visualize the impossible to achieve possibilities. Rejections, loss of supplies, and challenges to create something new and unforeseen, pushed Janet Echelmans imagination to greater heights. These are attributes that are considerably beneficial to old and coming generations.In conclusionJanet Echelman, an American artist was driven by her imagination to create one of kind sculptures around the world. Her persistence to acquire as much information on the craftsmanship of sculpting shows that the power to create and intuition brings results. Connecting visions sometimes require the assistance of others and in doing so, relationships are formed and the aftereffect is splendor. The finished masterpiece is takes on a form of its own to be enjoyed and appreciated by the magnitude. Janet Echelmans creations has inspired, mesmerized, and encouraged people to take their imagination seriously.ReferencesN.A. (2011). TED Talk. Janet Echelman Taking imagination seriously. Retrieved from http//www.ted.com/talks/janet_echelman/transcript?language=en

Mobile phone Essay

Korea then adopted 3G Networks soon after and the transition was made as early as 2004. 2. 5G (and even 2. 75G) ar technologies such as i-mode data services, camera phones, high-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD) and General packet radio service (GPRS) that provide some functionality domains bid 3G networks, and without the full transition to 3G network. They were built to introduce the possibilities of wire slight application technology to the end consumers, and so increase demand for 3G services.When converting a GSM network to a UMTS network, the first new technology is General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). It is the trigger to 3G services. The network connection is always on, so the subscriber is online all the time. From the movers point of view, it is important that GPRS initiatements are re-used when going to UMTS. Also capitalizing on GPRS business experience is very important. From GPRS, factors could change the network directly to UMTS, or invest in an EDGE system. O ne advantage of EDGE over UMTS is that it requires no new licenses.The frequencies are also re-used and no new antennas are needed. Doing my research I found that the Third Generation of Wireless networks are better than the second generation because of the speed and time it takes to download. Keywords TDMA- Time Division Multiple Access GSM international organisation for Mobile Communication GPRS General Packet Radio Service EDGE Enhanced Data GSM Enviroment CDMA Code Division Multiple Accsss Introduction In this research paper, I am trying to figure out the difference between the second generation and the third generation of mobile phones standards and technology.My objective is to canvass the second generation to the third generation and give some pros and con on the technologies. I want to prove that the third generation standards are far better than the second generation. Wireless communication is the transfer of indata formattingion over a distance without the use of el ectrical conductors or wires. The distances involved whitethorn be short (a few meters as in television remote control) or very long (thousands or even millions of kilometers for radio communications). When the context is clear the verge is often simply shortened to wireless.Wireless communications is generally considered to be a branch of telecommunications. Cellular phones use radio waves to enable the operator to make phone calls from many locations world-wide. They can be used anywhere that there is a cellular telephone site to house the equipment that is required to channelise and receive the signal that is used to transfer both component part and data to and from these instruments. Second Generation 2G cellular telecoms networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja in 1991.Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted, 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages. 3G first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Germany branded FOMA, in May 2001 on a pre-release of W-CDMA-GA3Y technology. The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on October 1, 2001.The second network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in southeasterly Korea on the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second South Korean 3G network was launched by KTF on EV-DO and thus the Koreans were the first to see disputation among 3G operators. Comparison of 2G and 3G 2G refers to second generation wireless telecommunication technology. small-arm its predecessor, 1G, made use of parallel radio signals, 2G uses digital radio signals. Based on what fictitious character of multiplexxing (the process of combining multiple digital data streams into one signal) is employed, 2G technologies ay be categorized by whether they are based on time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple accesses (CDMA). TDMA-based 2G standards include the following Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), used worldwide Integrated digital Enhanced Network (IDEN), developed by Motorola and used in the United States and Canada Interim Standard 136 (IS-136) or Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS), used in North and South America and Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), used in Japan. 2G makes use of a CODEC (compression-decompression algorithm) to compress and multiplex digital voice data.Through this technology, a 2G network can pack more calls per amount of bandwidth as a 1G network. 2G cell phone units were generally smaller than 1G units, since they emitted less radio power. Another advantage of 2G over 1G is that the battery life of a 2G handset lasts long-run, again due to the lower- powered radio signals. Since it transmitted data through digit al signals, 2G also offered additional services such as SMS and e-mail. Its lower power emissions also made 2G handsets safer for consumers to use. Error checking, a feature allowed by digital voice encoding, improved sound quality by reducing dynamic and lowering the noise floor.Digital voice encoding also made the calls less open to unwanted eavesdropping from third parties, due to the use of radio scanners. 2G, however, does go through its disadvantages as well. In comparison to 1Gs analog signals, 2Gs digital signals are very reliant on location and proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be enough to devil it. While a call made from a 1G handset had generally poor quality than that of a 2G handset, it survived longer distances. This is due to the analog signal having a smooth curve compared to the digital signal, which had a skinny, angular curve.As conditions worsen, the quality of a call made from a 1G handset would gr adually worsen, but a call made from a 2G handset would fail completely. Some of the advantages of a 2G network are the lower powered radio signals require less battery power, so phones last much longer between charges, and batteries can be smaller. The digital voice encoding allowed digital error checking which could increase sound quality by reducing dynamic and lowering the noise floor. The lower power emissions helped address health concerns. Enhanced privacy.A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that digital cellular calls are much harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners. While the security algorithms used have proved not to be as secure as initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more private than 1G phones, which have no protection against eavesdropping. Some of the disadvantage of the 2G network is in less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to acquire a cell tower. This run aways to be a particular problem on 2G systems de ployed on higher frequencies, but is mostly not a problem on 2G systems deployed on lower frequencies.National regulations differ greatly among countries which dictate where 2G can be deployed. Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This can be both an advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound better. Under slightly worse conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has occasional dropouts. As conditions worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping calls or being unintelligible, while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a call longer and allowing at least a few words to get through.While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy compression used by the codecs takes a toll the range of sound that they convey is reduced. 3G wireless networks are capable of transferring data at speeds of up to 384Kbps. Average speeds for 3G networks will range between 64Kbps and 384Kbps, quite a jump when compared to common wireless data speeds in the United States that are often slower than a 14. 4Kb modem. 3G is considered high-speed or broadband mobile Internet access, and in the future 3G networks are expected to reach speeds of more than 2Mbps.The 3G technologies are turning phones and other devices into multimedia system players, making it possible to download music and video clips. The new service is called the freedom of mobile multimedia access (FOMA), and it uses wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) technology to transfer data over its networks. W-CDMA sends data in a digital format over a range of frequencies, which makes the data move faster, but also uses more bandwidth than digital voice services. W-CDMA is not the only 3G technology competing technologies include CDMA One, which differs technically, but should provide similar services.

Religion & society Essay

Religion is a set of beliefs and practices, often centred upon specific supernatural and moral claims about reality. The functionalist, much(prenominal) as Emile Durkhiem sociological perspective about the role of faith in society is that Religion is exceptionally important because it has a great influence on everything from political relation to social order and family relationships. They also believe religious belief maintains social solidarity and value consensus amongst societys population and this helps maintain the well-being of society.Many feminist sociologist such as Armstrong, argue that religious institutions and beliefs help legitimise gender inequality. Like Marxist, feminist argue that religion is a product of patriarchy rather than capitalism. However, religion can maintain mechanism as it maintains the exiting system of exploitation, and reinforces class relationships and inequalities Religion also diverts peoples attention away from the real sources of oppressio n the reigning class, creating a false class conscience.This social control is also achieved because the ruling class adopts traditional religious beliefs and these believes legitimate and justifies, theyre social positions e. g. monarchs, ordained by god in modern society. My aim is to find out how important is religion to people in todays society. This is because religion affects different societies in different ways and different forms, causing the forms of society to change. Religion can be a driving force in society, but as a reactionary rather than a radical way. So I am going to find out how different people from different cultures react to religion under different circumstances.

Cause and Effect Essay Essay

As a child my mom always taught me to be proud of who I am to disregard each(prenominal) the negativity that was sure to have my way. As a constant reminder she bought books like Black Beautiful Me and Strong and Black to keep up my self-esteem. It was a good reminder, but because of wholly the negativity that surrounded me I started to feel bad about who I am. I never thought that I would have been a victim of favouritism moving to such an isolated place, but it comes to show that you will never be rid of the negativity in the world.Moving to a small towns commonwealth where African Americans are hard to find a lot of racism was always targeted towards my sisters and I. Attending School was the hardest part I always saw myself as being beautiful, but walking down the hall being called that ugly black girl started to take its toll on my self-esteem. Everywhere I went I ran into discrimination and stereotypes I was constantly asked if I treasured fried chicken or watermelon, I wou ld have guys tell me I would date you if you had lighter skin, or walking in the store and have the word nigger shouted and not know where it originated from. I didnt understand why I wasnt liked or given the chance to prove myself, but I felt unwanted, like I didnt belong.When I had read The Myth of a Latin Woman I found it quite relatable to my situation when I had first moved to Cortez. Cofer talks about how she was stereotyped when she moved to America how she wanted to fit in, but found it difficult because of her traditions and culture. She stresses the fact that nobody really understood her, that movies about Latin and Puerto Ricans were the closest understanding people got to her culture. Cofer then states that all the hard times that she had growing up made her stronger, and more successful. She tells the reader to take all the negative experiences and turned them positive so that nothing is fillet one from being successful.The negativity was a struggle for me, I wanted to quit public school and start homeschooling. But, I began to learn how to ignore people and not care how or what anybody thought of me. With that idea I became more at peace with myself. I started to look up when walking down the hallways, I learnedto just smile and at the negativity. Instead of the hurtful words putting me down I used it as fuel to my flame, motivation in other words, to do better and be successful.

Gilman’s “The Yellow Wallpaper” and Steinbeck’s “The Chrysanthemums Essay

The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck and The jaundiced W altogetherpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman argon short stories which pass on a female protagonist struggling with a suffocating marriage and living in a society that says that women can not exist step to the foreside of marriage. The Chrysanthemums compose by John Steinbeck is a storey ab knocked out(p) a cleaning lady worn and suppress by a male dominated ground. A world which breaks a womans go forth, strips away their humanity, and obscures who they really are and what they really want out of life. Eliza, a married woman forgotten by her husband and the world, has found a bit of gratification in her garden. It is here that she finds solace and comfort. The flowers are her companions.Similarly, in The sensationalistic Wallpaper, written in the century in advance The Chrysanthemums, is also about the oppression of women in society by men. On the surface it was the story of a woman who has a child and suffered from depression. Her husband, who is also her doctor, prescribed the The Mitchell Treatment. This was a standard manipulation for all mental disorders during this time which consisted of isolation and rest. The woman, the important character, was placed in an Attic for a calendar month of recovery. Her simply companion was the peeling yellow wallpaper. In the end, both women find, brief as it may be, freedom. Though written decades apart, both Steinbeck and Gilman use symbolizations and character development to develop a theme of female oppression and survival.The major symbol in Steinbecks short story is the Chrysanthemum flower. Chrysanthemums are hearty flowers which need specific machinee, patience, and tending. care children, they must be cared for daily, treated with delicate and gentle pass. Within her garden paradise she hides herself, as a woman. Steinbeck describes her as a woman that wears a mans black hat pulled low win over her eye, clodhopper shoes, a figured pri nt dress or so completely covered by a big corduroy apron (1). Eliza, who is childless(prenominal), takes pride and comfort in her ability to grow these awing flowers. They represent for her the children she was never able to have. She is extremely protective of these flowers caring and feeding them like mother breast feeding her baby.She creates a crib of wire to ensure that no aphids, no sowbugs or snails or cutworms are there. Her terrier fingers destroy such pests ahead they can get started (1). Like pointy corners of tables and light sockets, Eliza protects her children from the hazards of life. She cares for this flowers like she wishes someone had cared for her gentle fingertips caressing her own roses. These flowers inspire the plainly intimate moments that occurred between Eliza and her husband in the entire short story. He husband stops by her garden and tells her how lovely her flowers are. She blushes and Steinbeck observes on her face there is a little smugness(1) . Eliza gives birth to these amazing creatures which claim so much beauty to the world, and supplies Eliza with her further taste of motherhood (Demott 3).Similarly, Gilman uses the symbol of yellow wallpaper. The Yellow Wall-Paper is a small literary masterpiece. For almost fifty years it has been overlooked, as has its author, one of the most commanding feminists of her time. Now, with the innovative growth of the feminist movement, Charlotte Perkins Gilman is being rediscovered, and The Yellow Wall-Paper should share in that rediscovery. The story of a womans mental breakdown (Gilman 37). A major symbol in The Yellow Wallpaper is the wallpaper itself. The Yellow wallpaper was a familiar character in realist fiction and was often found to be distasteful. (Roth). The fabricator is annoyed and eventually repulsed by her only companion, the yellow approach patterned wallpaper.The evolution of what the wallpaper symbolized parallels the mental accede of the cashier. When the f ibber first settled down to her months worth of rest in the attic of her house, it is the wall paper she hated most. It was old, tattered, and a dirty yellow color. She commented that the worse part of the wallpaper was the obtuse pattern.She pondered about the wallpaper It is dull enough to confuse the eye in pursuit, pronounced enough to evermore irritate and provoke study, and when you follow the lame uncertain curves for a little distance they suddenly impart suicideplunge by at outrageous angles, destroy themselves in unheard of contradictions. The color is repellent, almost revolting a smouldering unclean yellow, strangely faded by the slow-turning sunlight (Gilman 24).The pattern became the focussing of much of the narrators time. She attempted on many occasions to figure out what the pattern was with no success. She is mad, of course, by this time, reduced to a paranoid schizophrenic who writes, Ive got out at conk in spite of you and Jane. And Ive pulled off most o f the paper, so you cant put me covering fire (36).(Bak). later several days of trying she began to see a sub pattern which can only be seen at certain parts of the day depending on the amount of light being filtered through the windows. She decided that the sub pattern is that of a woman who is creeping along the floor on her knees, not even being able to stand. She takes There is a recurrent spot where the pattern lolls like a broken neck and two bulbous eyes stare at you upside down (Gilman 25).This woman was imprisoned by the chief(prenominal) pattern and wished only to escape her cage. The main pattern became clear to the narrator. She believed the main pattern were heads of those women who attempted to escape but were caught between the bars. It was clear that as the month passed the mental state of the narrator became increasingly unstable. The wallpaper and its pattern also represented the societal chains (treatment, family, and marriage) which have imprisoned her for so long. The yellow wallpaper has become synonymous with the domestic bars which trapped women in their inferior roles as wives and mother in the 1800s. by dint of the use of both symbols, Steinbeck and Gilman track the internal contradict of their respective protagonists. In Steinbecks short story, it is the Chrysanthemum which are indirectly responsible for Eliza awakening. The chrysanthemums create a topographic point in which Eliza meets a man which stimulates and re-ignites her female sensuality, that has been long forgotten. Steinbeck describes Eliza stripped of her female side and like her home, that she was hard-swept and hard-polished (1). heat content fails to notice and takes for minded(p) the feminine qualities which Eliza brings to the relationship. His love for her did not exist anymore.The couple lives like strangers. Eliza, submissive and loyal, does not addresses her discontent with her husband and their relationship remains empty. He remarks, to her about her chr ysanthemums, I wish youd dally out in the orchard and raise some apples that big (1). She is resentful and unhappy which causes her to hide in her garden. One afternoon while she is attending to her flowers she meets a traveling salesman who stops and admires her flowers. Steinbeck describes the stranger in the following wayElisa saw that he was a very big man. Although his hair and beard were graying, he did not look old. His worn black suit was wrinkled and spotted with grease. The laughter had disappeared from his face and eyes the moment his laughing voice ceased. His eyes were dark, and they were full of the brooding that gets in the eyes of teamsters and of sailors. The calloused hands he rested on the wire fence were cracked, and every crack was a black line. He took off his battered hat. (1)When he flirts with her indirectly, she melts. She is thirsty for the attention a man gives to a woman. The stranger visually caresses the flowers, commenting that the flowers were like delicate quick puffs of colored smoke,(243) and she can feels his fingers like they were on her skin. Chrysanthemums represent Eliza long ending sensuality and her need to be fulfilled physically and emotionally. Eliza quickly responds and tears off the battered hat and shakes out her dark pretty hair(1). The cold Elisa suddenly becomes the image of perfect femininity well-heeled and flowing, contrasting against the strong male.She is attracted to him and offers him the only gift she can, a singe red chrysanthemum a symbol of her unspeakable femininity. Through this stimulation, Eliza is inspired to again get in touch with her body and soulfulness (Wilson 34). After a dinner eaten in silence with a man who does not love her, Eliza is forced to get the car trip home. Weeping, and staring out the window she sees her bloody red chrysanthemums tossed on the side of the road, and she feels her soul wear out once again.Gilman utilizes her symbol of the yellow wallpaper in the same way, her protagonist is first imprisoned and and then awakened by the wallpaper. Gilman actively asserts through her use of symbolism and the mental deterioration of the narration that women, at the turn of the century, suffering from mental illness were mistreated. Her husband, who is also her doctor, prescribed the The Mitchell Treatment (Hume).This was a standard treatment for all mental disorders during this time which consisted of isolation and rest. The woman, the main character, was placed in an attic for a month of recovery. Her only companion was the peeling yellow wallpaper. Slowly the unnamed narrator slipped into deep depressive psychosis. It is not until she shirked off the treatment and the invisible societal chains that she becomes well again.The theme of oppression is overwhelmingly present in both short stories. Elizas gift of the chrysanthemum represents the physical interaction between a man and a woman. After the stranger leaves, with quicken breath, she almost floats into her house and draws herself a hot bath. She finds her little block of pumice and literally scrubs her body legs and thighs, loins and chest and arms, until her skin was scratched and red(1). She urgently washes, symbolically obstetrical delivery blood back into her lifeless body and soul. She dresses slowly finding her best lingerie and dress. She applies makeup and prepares to go out on a date with her husband.She patiently awaits for her husband to come in from the fields. She hopes her husband will feel romantically toward her again. She hopes that he provide her with the same sensual stimulation that those few brief moments with the stranger. Unfortunately, her hopes are not fulfilled. When Henry finally sees his wife, he casually comments You look strong enough to break a calf over your knee, happy enough to eat it like a watermelon (1). Eliza laments her husbands lack of charm, as if he is intentionally trying to crush her soul. She slowly loses the woman that sh e had found hours before. After a dinner eaten in silence with a man who does not love her, Eliza is forced to endure the car trip home. Weeping, and staring out the window she sees her bloody red chrysanthemums tossed on the side of the road, and she feels her soul die once again.Gilmans narrator is also mistreated by her husband and society in general. John, her husband, a wise man of medicine, inflicts a loutish and gender- twineed cure on herand this tale, as Gilman claims, exposes such awkward barbarism. However, Gilmans mad narrator unveils not only the ills of the rest cure treatment and a repressive domestic culture filled with Johns and Jennies, but also her hatred for a domestic (and maternal) role she has no desire to assume. The Yellow Wall-Paper not only rejects, as Gilman intended, the gender-biased rest cure of the nineteenth-century, but also indicts, less successfully, gender-biased definitions of mental illness.Married women during this time were freed from the ne cessity of contributing to society outside the home, presumably because marriage suit her for motherhood and motherhood required all of her energies.(ODonnell). Despite her triumphant unmasking of medical (predominantly male) gender bias in this tale, Gilmans narrator falls apart so completely in the end that she tends, unfortunately, to fortify the common nineteenth-century gender stereotype of the emotionally and physically frail nineteenth-century woman.Steinbeck through the use of chrysanthemums asserts that women are oppressed and imprisoned by world that was built for men. Through intricate detail, wit, and symbolism Steinbeck breathes life into the story of a woman completely controlled by her husband, and suffocated by world. She experiences momentary awakening during a brief interaction with a stranger. Steinbeck uses chrysanthemums evoke the feeling of rebirth, renewal, autonomy, and femininity. Eliza completely broken down and she crumbles crying weakly-like an old woma n(X).Her husband takes her granted and does not notice that she is woman with needs and desires. Not only does her husband ignore her but so does the world. The stranger which seemed to admire all of Elizas qualities represents the world. Just as that man tossed away Elizas scenic flowers because they were unnecessary. Steinbecks point is that is exactly the male dominated world views and treats women. Society is oppressive to women, allowing them not to bloom, keeping women submissive and docile. Eliza is not valued by the world because she is female. She meant only to exist for her husband and family. Eliza tries to be a woman in world where her womanly charms are ignored by her husband and the world in general.To survive she forgets about who she truly is and finds happiness in her garden. When she is briefly re-awakening, she attempts again to find her aline self. However, her husband and the world will not let her and she must once again, for the last time, suppress who she i s and what she wants. Through the use of similar literary devices the theme of female oppression and liberation is explored differently in The Chrysanthemums and The Yellow Wallpaper. The oppression of women in a male dominated world has plagued society for centuries. The stories of women are often left(a) untold and considered unimportant. To fully explore this theme both authors use symbolism and careful character development.The main symbol found in The Yellow Wallpaper is that of the decaying yellow wallpaper that is in the attic where the narrator is sent for isolation. Its decay parallels the decay of the narrator. In addition, Gilman details this decline and explores the inner workings of the narrator through the character development leading up to the narrators decision that she did want to live.Similarly, Steinbeck uses the symbol of the Chrysanthemum to represent Elizas life, isolation, liberation, and emotional death. There is only a small set of literary tools in stock (predicate) to authors, of any genre, through which themes like oppression can be examined. It is through the unique manipulation of these tools, and the consuming expertise of great American authors that such a varied approach to survival can be interrupted, demonstrated, and shared.Works CitedBak, John S. Escaping the Jaundiced Eye Foucauldian Panopticism in Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper.. Studies in Short fictionalization 31.1 (1994) 39+.DeMott, Robert. Steinbecks Typewriter Essays on His Art. Revised ed. Troy, NY Whitston Publishing, 1997.Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wall-Paper. Revised ed. New York Feminist Press, 1996.Hume, Beverly A. Managing Madness in Gilmans The Yellow Wall-Paper. Studies in American Fiction 30.1 (2002) 3+.ODonnell, Margaret G. A Reply to Charlotte Perkins Gilman Reassessing Her conditional relation for Feminism and Social Economics. Review of Social Economy 54.3 (1996) 337+.Roth, Marty. Gilmans Arabesque Wallpaper. Mosaic (Win nipeg) 34.4 (2001) 145+.Steinbeck, John. The Chrysanthemums. Literature An mental institution to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. 4th Compact ed. New York Prentice Hall, 2007.Wilson, Edmund. The Boys in the Back Room Notes on California Novelists. San Francisco Colt Press, 1941. Questia.

Idea/Expression Dichotomy

INTRODUCTION There is hardly a single principle of right of first publication faithfulness that is more prefatorial or more often repeated than the so-c on the wholeed fancy- building dichotomy. The doctrine is followed dutifully as an unquestioned principle in hundreds of parapraxiss the ideas that atomic number 18 the fruit of an authors labours go into the public domain, while merely the authors occurrence locution remains the authors to control. This principle, sometimes described as having constitutional origins, was developed by the common justice, and has at present been incorporated into the secure act itself.right of first publication confers on the owner the right to make copies of their engagement whilst prohibiting others to do the same. The secure system gives the owners exclusive rights with regard to the exploitation of their lops. However, the secure doctrine does contain limits on copyright holders rights designed largely to mitigate copyrights burd en on creative appropriation. According to Barrett (2008), Copyright gives rights solitary(prenominal) in the authors break openicular mean of channeling ideas and facts, never in ideas and facts themselves.Thus copyright does non hold dear the ideas exactly the agency in which they ar expressed. Although this narrative can be made seemingly without driveway and with great ease, its application is not an easy undertaking and thus requires much effort. This is so beca put on copyright justice does not provide a clear distinction mingled with the unprotected idea and the protected reflexion. For m some(prenominal) an(prenominal) years, the courts and indeed dexterous Property Law practitioners put in enormous effort to establish and so d stark(a) a clear distinction between an idea and an nerve but to no avail.Copyright law has till present failed to establish a clear demarcation between the boundary of an idea and that of an expression. As Justice Brenman said this distinction between protected expression and unprotected ideas is at the essence of copyright. This was increase and highlighted in Sheldon v Metrogoldwyn Pictures by Judge Learned Hands when he conceded that the line between idea and expression wherever it is drawn, will seem arbitrary.Courts consider this idea/expression dichotomy to be the central axiom of copyright law to use when determining what is protected in infringement cases. IDEAS What is an thought process? The answer to this question is central to the attempt to draw a distinction between idea and expression and hence the subsequent resolution to the idea/expression dichotomy. As observed by Lord Hailshaw in LB (Plastics) Ltd v swoosh Products Ltd, the distinction de saveds on what one means by ideas. Ideas, procedures, principles, discoveries, and devices ar all specifically excluded from copyright tax shelter.As stated in the Copyright Act In no case does copyright protection for an original work of fatherhoo d extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the act in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in such(prenominal) work. This specific exclusion helps maintain the distinction between copyright protection and patent law. Ideas and inventions ar the subject matter for patents, while the expression of ideas is governed by copyright law.If copyright were extended to protect ideas, principles and devices, then it would be possible to circumvent the rigorous prerequisites of patent law and secure protection for an invention merely by describing the invention in a copyrightable work. With respect to the educational activity by Per Lloyd in Michael Baigent Richard Leigh v The haphazard kin grouping Ltd (The Da Vinci Code case), Ideas lie on the left side of the line between idea and expression, and therefore are not protected by copyright.Copyright infringement cannot result from copying an idea. The reasons why copyright law does not protect ideas is that if the first soulfulness to produce a work based on an idea has a monopoly over it, the spread of noesis and invention and innovation would be greatly impeded. This reason is shared by Fishman (2011) who states that, if authors are allowed to obtain a monopoly over the ideas, the copyright law could end up discouraging new authorship and the progress fellowship the two goal copyright is intended to foster.The Copyright doctrine assures the authors the right to their original expression, but assists others to build freely upon the ideas and information conveyed by a work. According to Barrett (2008), the law must ensure that the basic building blocks of expression (ideas, facts elements that are standard or routine in connection with a assumption kind of work) remain in the public dormain free from copyright owners control, in order to ensure a continuing flow of new authorship in future.The courts have in sev eral cases highlighted that copyright right law does not assure authors protection in ideas. In Michael Baigent v The Random House Group Ltd where an allegation had been made that the novel Da Vinci Code infringed the copyright in the work empower the Holy Blood and The Holy Grail (HBHG), Mummery LJ said Original expression includes not altogether the language in which the work is composed but likewise the original selection, arrangement and compilation of the raw research natural.It does not however, extend to the clothing information, facts, ideas, theories and themes with exclusive property rights, so as to enable the claimants to monopolise historical material. Theories propounded, general arguments deployed or general hypotheses suggested or general themes written about. The foregoing statement points that the subsistence may extend to the way in which facts, ideas and theories are expressed by the author but this does not mean that facts and ideas are themselves the subje ct matter of copyright protection (Bainbridge, 2010). flavorS Mummery LJ in Michael Baigent v The Random House Group Ltd describes an expression as follows, Original expression includes not solitary(prenominal) the language in which the work is composed but also the original selection, arrangement and compilation of the raw research material. Expression constitutes the pop out of work that is protectable under copyright under copyright law. Article 2 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty provides that Copyright protection extends to expressions and not to ideas, procedures, methods of operation or mathematical concepts as such.Copyright laws were enacted to encourage originality by regulating creative expression. The subject matter of copyright protection is original workings of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression (Dratler, 2006). Copyright gives authors rights in particular means of expressing ideas and facts, never in ideas and facts themselves. According to Netane (20 08), copyright law prevents others from copying only the copyright holders particular expression, not ideas that are expressed.In the case of University of London charge up Ltd v University Tutorial Press Ltd, Peterson J stated that Copyright Acts are not concerned with the originality of ideas, but with the expression of thought, and in case of a literary work, with the expression of thought in print or writing. This was also highlighted in two other cases Feist Publication, Inc v Rural Telephone, and Michael Baigent v The Random House Group Ltd. In the former case, it was held that copyright infringement may lie only in the copying copyrightable expression.In the last mentioned case, it was held that copyright subsistence may extend to the way in which ideas, facts and theories are expressed by the author. IDEA/EXPRESSION MERGE DOCTRINE It is clearly stated that copyright law grants rights in the authors expression of ideas, and that protection will be given as long as the expre ssion of the same ideas are distinct. However, there are times when there is one way, or only a few, to adequately express a particular idea. Ideas pretty much dictate the form of expression as highlighted in Landsburg v Serabble Crossword Game Player.This results in the idea and its expression being considered to be one. According to Fishman (2011), In such cases, the idea and its particular expression are deemed to merge and the expression-the authors words- is either treated as if it were in the public dormain or given very little copyright protection. The effect of this is that protection may be lesser than when idea and expression are not merged. This is demonstrated in Kenrick v Lawrence were effective protection was denied to a force exhibiting a hand holding a pen and marking a ballot paper.The intention of the person commissioning the drawing was that it could be used to show persons with poor literacy skills how to vote. It was held that a similar drawing did not infring e because it was inevitable that any person who try to produce a drawing to show people how to vote would create a similar drawing (Bainbridge, 2010). SUBSTANTIAL TAKING Section 2 of The Copyright and Performance Rights Act 1994 provides that substantial part includes any part of the work which on its own can be identified as part of the work of someone who is familiar with the work.Therefore substantial taking is the copying of the substantial part of a given work. However, it is knotty to determine what a substantial part is as no standard measure exists Plastics Ltd v Swish Products Ltd. The courts determine substantial by reference to the quality of what was taken and not the quantity. This was also highlighted in Ladbroke (Football) Ltd v William Hill (Football) Ltd where it was held that substantial must be decided by its quality rather than quantity, and that the significance of the part taken is a matter of fact and degree.This means that even a very small part of work can be substantial if it is the most valuable or memorable piece in the work. The principle of substantial taking displaces the earlier notion that any copying of a protected work will automatically translate to infringement. The principle of substantial taking stipulates that copyright infringement will only result from the copying of the substantial part of a protected expression not the unprotected idea. Therefore, the function of infringement depends on the quality of the work portion used in relation to the copyrighted expression as a whole.In the Harper v Row it was held that the determination of substantiality should not only the simile taken but also on the the qualitative importance of the quoted passages of the original expression (Alces, 1994). CONCLUSION Ideas are building blocks of expression. An Idea is anything that when absent will result in no formulation of any work. Ideas are like materials used in the construction of what results in copyrighted works. Expression re fers to the unique and distinct manner in which unprotected ideas are presented.Expressions are ideas organised in a particular way, the organisation of which requires the use of skill, labour and judgement. It is such an expression that is protectable under copyright law. Richard (1990) postulates that, two important dichotomies lie at the trigger of copyright (1) the subject matter of writing versus protectable expression of that subject matter, and (2) unprotectible versus protectable expression. The idea/expression dichotomy does not clearly articulate either of these distinction under the guise of its baseless distinction between ideas and their expression.The dichotomy further complicates infringement cases by relying upon a notion of abstracting ideas from expressions. Only the basic copyright requirements for original works of authorship and the infringement of such works must be considered. For the proper axiom of protectability is not that expressions of ideas are protect able while ideas themselves are not, but merely that original and creative expressions alone are protectable. Though an expression is protected, copying it does not automatically result in infringement.Substantial taking is what ultimately determines whether or not copyright has been infringed. The protection of an expression hence rests on the quality of the portion of the expression copied. Infringement will only result from the copying of the substantial part of a protected expression not the unprotected idea. REFERENCES 1. Fishman S (2011), The Copyright Handbook What every writer needs to know, 11th edition, NOLO 2. Bainbridge D. L (2010), Intellectual Property, 8th edition, collier London. 3. Barrett M (2008), The Emmanuel Law outlines series Intellectual Property, 2nd edition, Aspen Publishers 4.Netane N. W (2008), Copyright Paradox, Oxford University Press 5. Dratler J (2006), Intellectual Property Law Commercial, Creative, Industrial Property, Volume 13, Library of Congre ss 6. WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT), adopted in Geneva on December 20, 1996. 7. Alces P. A (1994), Commercial Law of Intellectual Property, Aspen Publishers 8. Richard H. J (1990) The fabrication of Idea/Expression Dichotomy in Copyright Pace Law Review Vol. 10. No. 3. 9. http//www. edwardsamuels. com/copyright/beyond/articles/ideapt1-20. htm